PNWIS '99 Abstract Requirments

Wednesday, Nov. 3, 1999	Air	Air	Non-Air	Non-Air
11:30 - 1:00 PM	Lunch - Opening Session and Keynote Address by David Mears, Director of the Ecology Division of the Attorney General’s office
1:30 - 3:00 PM	Session 1 NESHAPS Case Studies	Session 2 New Technologies in Dry Cleaning	Session 3 Subsurface Remediation	Session 4 Endangered Species Issues/TMDL
3:30 - 5:00 PM	Session 5 Title V Permits	Session 6 Pollution Prevention	Session 7 Intrinsic Remediation	Session 8 Business and Environ. Risk - Contingency Planning
Thursday, Nov. 4, 1999	Air	Air	Non-Air	Nuclear
10:00 AM - 12:00 PM	Session 33 PNWIS Education and Public Outreach Business Meeting
8:30 - 10:00 AM	Session 9 Implementing PM2.5	Session 10 Air Pollution Control Technologies for the 21^st Century	Session 11 Water Shed Management	Session 12 Nuclear Issues - Cleanup
10:30 - 12:00 AM	Session 13 Visibility Issues	Session 14 Air Quality Modeling	Session 15 Overall Workable Solutions for Water Conflict	Session 16 Nuclear Issues - Innovations
12:00 – 1:30 PM	President’s Luncheon with AWMA President Robert Hall
1:30 - 3:00 PM	Session 34 Health Risk - Management and Communications Strategies
1:30 - 3:00 PM	Session 17 Fugitive Dust Emissions	Session 18 Indoor Environment	Session 19 Tribal Water Issues	Session 20 Nuclear Issues - Groundwater
3:30 - 5:00 PM	Session 35 Global Warming - Impacts and Opportunities for the Pacific Northwest
3:30 - 5:00 PM	Session 21 Regulating Greenhouse Gas Emissions	Session 22 Ambient Air Toxics Monitoring	Session 23 Water Rights Regulatory Approach	Session 24 Nuclear Issues - Waste Management
Friday, Nov. 5, 1999	Air	Air	Non-Air	Non-Air
8:30 - 10:00 AM	Session 25 Environmental Management Systems	Session 26 Ground level Ozone Production	Session 27 Environmental Sustainability	Session 28 Environmental Justice
10:30 - 12:00 AM	Session 29 Global Warming	Session 30 Air Quality Policies for the 21st Century	Session 31 Brownfields	Session 32 Laboratory Issues

1.1 Refinery NESHAP Case Studies. Valerie Lagen, Northwest Air Pollution Authority

The National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAP) for Petroleum Refineries went into effect just over one year ago. Both industry and regulators have been challenged with meeting the complex requirements of this regulation. This presentation will discuss applicability issues related to increased marine terminal emissions due to a pipeline outage and resource conflict with Title V issuance.

1.2 Review of Pulp and Paper MACT Implementation. Scott A. Freeburn, P.E., Willamette Industries

MACT regulations affecting kraft and soda mill pulping sources (MACT I) were promulgated on April 15, 1998. Construction of equipment to achieve compliance with initial phase requirements is underway at most affected facilities. Compliance with second phase requirements must be achieved by 2006. The more than 100 questions posed by industry regarding the details of establishing compliance under the various options available under the federal rule have largely been sorted out. States are now approving methods and language for inclusion in the Title V permits of affected facilities. Fundamentally different methods for condensate segregation and treatment, a primary focus of the rule, are allowed under the rule and have stimulated new, innovative and diverse approaches to controlling pulp mill HAPs. A variety of thermal oxidation and biological treatment methods are now being implemented. The recent determination that significant quantities of ammonia may be found in condensates has affected permitting and may affect control technology decisions. MACT regulations controlling emissions of HAPs from pulp and paper mill combustion sources (MACT II) are under development. Recovery furnaces, smelt dissolver tanks, and lime kilns are the principal source groups affected by the proposal. High levels of particulate matter control are anticipated for these sources which most likely can be addressed using conventional means; scrubbers for the smelt dissolvers and ESPs for recovery furnaces and lime kilns. The use of ESPs on lime kilns may negatively influence the common practice of using lime kilns as a primary or backup control devices for TRS and, in the future, HAP emissions. Elimination of direct contact evaporator recovery furnaces has been proposed as a method for addressing HAPs from these units. Because of the high capital cost of conversion to non-direct contact units, this proposal and any associated schedule for compliance will be subject to intense scrutiny by affected companies.

1.3 Reviewing NESHAP Compliance Certifications - An Aerospace Perspective. Melissa McAfee, Abby Lee, Rick Hess, and Jay Willenberg, Puget Sound Clean Air Agency. Additional Contributors: Maggie Corbin, Jim Nolan, Max Scarberry, and John Schantz

Most of the 40 CFR Part 63 National Emission Standard for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAP) require semiannual compliance certifications to be submitted to the regulatory agency. Puget Sound Clean Air Agency receives certifications for a variety of NESHAPS including halogenated solvent cleaning, chrome plating, and aerospace manufacturing and rework. Under Title V the burden of identifying noncompliance has shifted from the agency to industry, who must now self-report compliance. The agency then has the responsibility of making compliance determinations with this information following EPA's Timely and Appropriate Enforcement Guidelines. As a result of some of the initial compliance certifications received this past year, the agency needed to respond to reported violations for chrome plating, vapor degreasing, and aerospace operations. This paper presents an overview of these compliance certifications, a description of the agency review process, and the compliance resolutions for each case.

1.4 Permitting of a Large Wood Furniture Manufacturer in the Puget Sound Region. Maggie Corbin, David Kircher and Nina Birnbaum, Puget Sound Clean Air Agency

Within our four-county jurisdiction, the Puget Sound Clean Air Agency requires approval through our new source review program prior to construction, installation, establishment or modification of an air contaminant source. In the fall of 1998, we received a request for approval to operate a new wood furniture manufacturing facility in our region. There were several issues that complicated our new source review process for this facility including the implications of relocating a major source, applicability of the National Emission Standards for Wood Furniture Manufacturing Operations (40 CFR Part 63, Subpart JJ) and the Part 70 Operating Permit Program (as implemented through chapter 173-401 WAC), implications of current EPA policies, and concerns raised by nearby residents regarding potential impacts on their health. In addition, the Puget Sound Clean Air Agency was the lead agency for ensuring an adequate environmental analysis was done and the State Environmental Policy Act (SEPA) procedural requirements were met. This broadened our review process beyond air issues and the final Order includes requirements authorized only by our authority under SEPA. This paper addresses how each of these complexities was handled in the permitting review process.

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2.1 Air Permits for Alternative Solvent Dry Cleaning Operations. April Westby, Spokane County Air Pollution Control Agency

Dry cleaning operations that use perchloroethylene or petroleum solvents must meet stringent air quality regulations because of the environmental and health concerns associated with these chemicals. Air permits are required when installing, constructing, or establishing a new dry cleaning source or when altering or modifying an existing dry cleaning source to ensure air requirements are met. Recently in Spokane County, two dry cleaning facilities became the first in Washington to use Drycleaning Fluid-2000 (DF-2000). DF-2000 is a synthetically produced aliphatic hydrocarbon solvent that can be used as an alternative to traditional dry cleaning solvents, such as perc or "Stoddard" solvent. While considered a petroleum-derived solvent, the physical properties of DF-2000 differ greatly from those of perc and Stoddard solvent. Machines designed for use with DF-2000 are built differently than those which use perc and Stoddard. If existing perc machines are converted to operate with DF-2000, major system modifications are required. The physical and chemical properties of DF-2000 were investigated and compared to perc and Stoddard. Perc and petroleum dry cleaning regulations were reviewed to determine how they relate to DF-2000. Portions of the requirements were used to establish appropriate monitoring, record keeping, and reporting requirements for DF-2000. Other standard permit requirements were dropped based on the fact that DF-2000 contains almost no Hazardous Air Pollutants, has a lower vapor pressure than petroleum solvents, has virtually no odor, and is not a dangerous waste by itself. The final permits written for these two case studies will be presented.

2.2 Overview of Dangerous Waste Regulation of Dry Cleaners. Judy Kennedy, Washington State Department of Ecology

After World War II, dry cleaners shifted from petroleum solvent to less flammable perchloroethylene (AKA "perc" or TCE). Greater awareness and concern for the toxicity and persistence of perc has lead to a return to petroleum solvents and new technologies such as wet-cleaning and supercritical carbon dioxide. A new generation of "high-flash point" petroleum solvent reduces the fire hazard and some of the dangerous waste regulatory burden and costs. Generally, the most common dry cleaning wastes are distillation bottoms, filters, and separator water, besides any air emissions, spills, and discarded "spotting" chemicals. Though often overlooked as a waste of concern, separator water is saturated with perc or petroleum solvent. Perc separator water is a listed and characteristic RCRA waste that cannot be sewered in Washington State. If the perc can be reliably reduced to below 0.7 ppm, this water can be evaporated. Results of recent testing of carbon filtration for this purpose will be discussed. Petroleum wastes may be a dangerous waste in Washington State due to fish toxicity, even if the flashpoint is greater than 140 degrees F. Sewering of petroleum separator water must meet the requirements of the local wastewater permitting authority. Evaporation must meet requirements of the local air authority.

2.3 Advances in Equipment and Alternative Solvents Used to Reduce Air Emissions from Dry Cleaning. Crystal Alford, Spokane County Air Pollution Control Agency

Dry cleaning operations have been a focus of stringent environmental regulations throughout the '90s. The movement to reduce emissions of VOCs and toxic compounds to the air from dry cleaning solvents at shops across the nation was spearheaded in 1993 by EPA. From the time these requirements were promulgated, 1st and 2nd generation perchloroethylene equipment have been phased out and replaced by less polluting, more environmentally friendly 3rd generation machines. As the turn of the century approaches, 4th and 5th generation machines are available which take pollution prevention to a new level. The improved components and systems in these latest dry cleaning machines will be presented. In addition, alternative cleaning solvents to perc will be discussed. Two case studies from Spokane County will be presented where traditional perchloroethylene cleaning was replaced by Drycleaning Fluid-2000 (DF-2000). In one case, two dedicated DF-2000 machines were installed at a new facility. In the other case, an existing perc machine with add-on refrigerated condenser was converted to use DF-2000. The differences in operation of a dedicated machine and a converted machine will be detailed. Traditional methods for determining compliance with air pollution regulations at shops operating perc machines do not translate well for shops operating machines which utilize DF-2000. Inspection techniques will be outlined for determining compliance with air requirements for both dedicated and converted DF-2000 machines.

Session Chairs: Harry Ehlers, Dames & Moore and Butch Gerbrandt, Montana Tech

3.1 Remediation Costs: Does a Good Price Mean a Good Solution? Harry Ehlers, PE, Dames & Moore, Seattle WA

A successful remedial action requires more than a favorable price. The demand for cost-effective remedial solutions for soil and groundwater contamination has created opportunities for vendors and contractors to sell a variety of technologies and services. But how do you choose those services? When a vendor or contractor offers you a price for a service, do you accept the price or look for more attractive options? What can you do to influence the price?

This session will highlight four issues that can affect remediation costs, including factors that you can influence:

While cost-based decision-making is a comfortable approach for many property owners and managers, is it the right approach for you? In the real world, the most successful remediation projects reflect more than good financial management. What distinguishes a "good solution" from a "good price"? Four key factors will be discussed:

· Compatibility with the responsible party's short-term and long-term goals for the affected property

3.2 Application of mGCW Technology for In Situ Remediation of Groundwater Impacted by Chlorinated Hydrocarbons and Heavy Metals. James G. Mueller, Ph.D., Fayaz Lakhwala, Ph.D. and Matthias Ohr, Ph.D., Dames & Moore - Rolling Meadows, IL. Presented by James G. Mueller, Ph.D

The Liberty Industrial Finishing site is located in the unincorporated Village of Farmingdale, in the Town of Oyster Bay, Nassau County, New York. From the time of World War II until the late 1970s metal plating wastewater was discharged to three on-site recharge basins. Constituents of the historic manufacturing site process wastes (mainly chromium [Cr] and cadmium [Cd]) migrated through the unlined basins and have impacted on-site soils and groundwater. Waste products related to other site activities (mainly chlorinated hydrocarbons [CHC] such as TCE) potentially exist at several other locations, such as filled-in basement structures of demolished buildings, sanitary leaching chambers, a sludge drying bed, and various other drains, sumps, and former bulk storage areas. These organic constituents of interest (COI) have also been identified in site groundwater.

On September 11 1997, the EPA indicated to the public that a groundwater interim remedial measure (IRM) consisting of several ground water extraction wells and subsequent ex situ groundwater treatment (pump-and-treat) would be undertaken at the site. The estimated cost of the IRM exceeded $7.3 million US dollars. Dames & Moore proposed two alternative approaches to provide in situ remediation of site COI:

· Modified groundwater circulation well (mGCW) technology coupled with ligand-specific ion exchange for treatment of both heavy metals and CHCs.

The in situ approaches represented significant cost savings of >50%. As opposed to "hydraulic containment", the modified remedial action objective of the proposed in situ approaches was to prevent the off-site migration of on-site groundwater COI and to reduce COI concentrations in on-site groundwater within the zone of influence of the proposed remediation system. Both the U.S. EPA and the State of New York approved the approaches. Interim remedial guidelines were selected to match the MCL or New York State Groundwater Standard (whichever is more stringent) for each COI:

A single, full-scale GCW system was recently constructed and the in situ metals precipitation process via induced anaerobiosis was initiated in December 1998, hence operating data are limited. To date, however, data from multiple pressure transducers and in situ thermal flow sensors confirmed that the modeled zone of influence of 48-ft was 99% of that observed. These tools provided direct physical measurements of changes in piezometric head, groundwater flow direction, and flow velocity to yield a detailed, 3-dimensional picture of the GCW hydraulics. Other field data will be presented along with an overview of the modified GCW technology and a general description of the Liberty Industrial Finishing Superfund Site.

At another former metals plating company site, a similar GCW system was installed to affect the in situ treatment of soil and groundwater contaminated by volatile CHC and heavy metals (e.g., hexavalent chromium, zinc, and copper). A wide range of CHC was effectively removed via in situ stripping/volatilization and ion exchange resins were employed to remove metals in the dissolved phase of the circulated groundwater. Data from this application showed that total CHC in the off-gas were reduced from an initial concentration of 199 ug/m3 to <5 ug/m3 within the first year of system operation. Continued operation showed a relatively steady baseline of CHC in off-gas around 5 ug/m3 and a concomitant decrease in the CHC concentrations in groundwater at <50 ppb total CHC. Analysis of hexavalent chromium, total chromium, zinc, and copper ions present in groundwater samples before and after passage through the metals removal system showed effective recovery of dissolved-phase inorganic COI. With the establishment of the groundwater circulation cell and capture zone induced by the GCW system, circulating groundwater continues to flush the soil and carry COI to the treatment well to yield in situ chemical containment. Thus, the system was shown, under field conditions, to represent a cost-efficient, effective, and technically feasible approach to site management

3.3 Two Alternative Mine Waste Covers in Butte, Montana. D. McCarthy, C. Stilwell, B. Archibald. Presented by Butch Gerbrandt, Montana Tech

Design of mine waste covers within the Butte Area National Priorities List (NPL) site must take into consideration regulatory, technical, and end-use issues. In many settings, conventional covers including a low permeability clay layer or flexible membrane liner (FML) are necessary. Yet, in some instances involving mine wastes in the semi-arid West, alternative covers may be more appropriate. This presentation is a case study of two covers in Butte, Montana. At both sites, regulations prescribed conventional covers that included infiltration barrier layers because of contaminants present in the wastes. However, alternative covers were designed to meet the performance standards of the regulations. Each site required different alternative covers because of different end-uses.

The Clark Tailings were a historic tailings impoundment approximately one mile southwest of Butte, Montana. The 60-acre site contained approximately 1,000,000 cubic yards of mine waste and is adjacent to the Butte municipal landfill. A combined remedy for the mine waste and landfill was performed under RCRA jurisdiction. Also, 850,000 cy of mine waste from another site in Butte were consolidated at the site. Since the site was to be developed as a park, including irrigating large areas, it was determined that a prescriptive cover as defined in RCRA Subtitle D, including an infiltration barrier layer, was appropriate. Though the design of the cap is based on the prescriptive requirements, many alternative features were incorporated into the design. The cover was designed in 1997 and constructed in 1997 and 1998.

The Emma Dump is a mine overburden dump on the west side of Butte, Montana; it also is part of the Butte Area NPL site. A portion of the site, the 3.9-acre South Emma Dump, site contains some mine wastes that are characteristically toxic. Therefore, EPA, determined that a RCRA-type cap was appropriate to minimize infiltration and subsequent contaminant migration. To limit infiltration in a manner more cost-effective than using low permeability clay or a FML, an alternative earthen final cover, consisting of a monolithic evapotranspirative layer, was designed. The design was approved by the agencies and constructed in 1998.

3.4 Technical Impracticability Waivers and Natural Attenuation. Butch Gerbrandt, Montana Tech

4.1 A Primer on the Endangered Species Act and How It Might Affect Industry. John Marsh, Parametrix, Inc.

The Endangered Species Act (ESA) became law in 1973. It is intended to conserve endangered and threatened species as well as the habitat of these species. Listing a species must be based on the best scientific and commercial data available and can not take into account economic considerations. When a species is listed under the ESA, it becomes unlawful to "take" that species by killing, injuring or modifying its habitat. Recent ESA listing of numerous species in the Pacific Northwest has had far reaching effects on virtually everything done by citizens, businesses and government. This paper will all provide background on the legal requirements of the ESA, how it might effect industry in the Northwest, and approaches to addressing these effects.

4.2 NW Salmon Recovery - The Best is Yet to Come. Bruce Lovelin, Columbia River Alliance

The Pacific Northwest is funding the most expensive recovery program in the history of the Endangered Species Act. In 1995, the Clinton Administration imposed a $435 million per year funding agreement on the electric ratepayers of the Pacific Northwest for Snake River salmon recovery. Northwest industry is paying about 60 percent of this recovery effort. Also, proposals are being evaluated which could lead to the removal of four Lower Snake River Dams and a drawdown of John Day reservoir. Agriculture water uses, grain transportation, forest product activities, aluminum manufacturing, and rural economic development have an uncertain northwest future as long as salmon are declining.

The Federal Government will implement a new salmon recovery effort early in 2000. Preliminary estimates suggest Northwest electric ratepayers will be required to fund a 'hydro-based' program that could exceed $600 million per year. While federal plans focus on juvenile salmonid survival, upstream habitat, and the dams; a commercial harvest and sale of endangered adult Chinook salmon and threatened steelhead is still allowed. This is an obvious inconsistent application of the Act and an action that will undoubtedly undermine current recovery efforts.

4.3 Clean Water Act Section 303(d) - Proposed Regulatory Changes. Alan Henning, BPA, Environmental Protection Specialist, EPA Region 10

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is taking steps to help achieve cleaner waters across America by revising the Total Maximum Daily Load - or TMDL - program. Established by Section 303(d) of the Clean Water Act, the primary mission of the TMDL program is to protect public health and ensure healthy watersheds. The program identifies polluted waters not meeting state water quality standards, determines how much pollutant loads must be reduced to meet water quality standards, and ensures that on-the-ground actions occur to reduce the pollutants.

On August 22, 1999, EPA proposed changes to the Section 303(d) implementing regulations. The changes would significantly revise the §303(d) list development and submission process, and expand and clarify the components of a TMDL. Concurrent with changes to the TMDL regulations, EPA is also proposing changes to the National Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) Program. The proposed NPDES regulations address how the NPDES permitting program will be implemented in §303(d) listed waters. Included in the proposed revisions are the conditions for obtaining a permit for a new or increased discharge to a 303(d) listed water, the designation of additional sources as point source discharges thus requiring permits, and EPA oversight of delegated NPDES programs with respect to 303(d) implementation.

5.1 Title V Operating Permits: Living with Your Permit. Jeffrey T. Chaffee, Bison Engineering

The big rush to submit Title V Operating Permit applications is behind us and many permits have been issued by the state and local regulatory agencies. The question now is where should permitted facilities be focusing their efforts in living with their Title V permit? The most probable answer to this question is on compliance with their permit conditions and on compliance certifications required by the Title V permit. This presentation explores some of the tools and methods being employed to assure compliance with permit terms and conditions.

Of course, traditional source testing methods and opacity observations are widely used as required procedures to show compliance with applicable requirements in Title V permits. Process monitoring can also be employed in assuring compliance with permit conditions. Whatever the conditions in the permit require, the most important issue is making sure that monitoring, recordkeeping and reporting are carried out in accordance with the permit.

Compliance tracking techniques can be as simple as filling out forms or tables to as complex as operating electronic databases that allow tracking and recordkeeping of numerous permit requirements. This presentation outlines some of the techniques being used to track permit requirements. A brief discussion of future issues potentially impacting your Title V permit will also be presented.

5.2 Title V Up-Date From Spokane County Air Pollution Control Authority. Kelle R. Vigeland, Spokane County Air Pollution Control Agency

SCAPCA's Title V program has been in place for about five years now. With half of the fourteen permits issued and a goal of issuing the remainder by June of 2000, SCAPCA has gained considerable experience in drafting and enforcing permits. One balancing act encountered is finding the centerpoint in the monitoring portion of the permit, providing useful monitoring that will actually be indicative of compliance without being overly burdensome to the source. Another tricky issue is interpreting what reasonable means in underlying applicable requirements, such as reasonable measures to prevent the release of fugitive emissions. Experience gained to date will be discussed as well as the challenges that lie ahead.

8.1 A Workshop in Hazard Assessment, Analysis, Planning and Implementation. David M. Einolf, ARM, CHMM, Dames & Moore, Portland

In a world of increasing technological complexity, business interruptions arising from man-made and natural hazards have substantial cost effects on business operations and may threaten the viability of the business concern. Given their familiarity with emergency response planning for spills of hazardous materials, environmental managers offer their employers an excellent resource for contingency planning for an expanded number of hazards. This workshop explores the use of conventional emergency response planning and process safety management (PSM) tools to develop comprehensive business contingency plans.

Comprehensive business contingency plans address the needs of a business to respond to all forms of interruption, including man-made hazards (e.g., hazardous materials releases, telecommunications and power failures, computer failures, and labor strife) and natural hazards (e.g., hurricanes, floods, and earthquakes). Environmental professionals managers involved in emergency response planning have considerable experience in defining the resources needed to respond to such emergencies. This workshop provides a framework for assessing these needs and incorporating them into a comprehensive business contingency plan.

Environmental, health, and safety professionals involved in the preparation of process safety and accidental release risk management plans may be familiar with traditional tools that may be extended to analyze potential emergency situations. Our group has expanded the traditional process hazards analysis (PHA) using the hazard and operability (HazOp) tool to review business contingencies.

Participants in this session will explore the development of a vulnerability analysis for a system, operation, or facility and will expand that vulnerability analysis through the use of the Hazard and Operability (HazOp) analysis, a classical process safety management tool. Each step in the analysis will be documented using example materials. A variety of software tools and checklists will be reviewed and discussed.

This session is an expert panel forum on PM-2.5 issues (implementation and future direction). The expert panel represents a cross-section of regulatory agencies, universities, manufacturers, industry and consulting. Each participant will give a brief (10 minute) overview of their topic, followed by a panel discussion with questions from the audience.

* Ken Stubbs, Greater Vancouver Regional District, Vancouver, BC CANADA; "A Canadian perspective on PM-2.5 monitoring and related chemical species"

* Candis Claiborn, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington; "The new EPA NW PM Center (University of Washington and Washington State University)"

* Mike Meyer, Rupprecht & Patashnick Company, Albany, New York; "PM-2.5 mass and chemical speciation instrumentation requirements"

10.1 Black Liquor Gasification in Kraft Recovery: Weyerhaeuser's New Bern, North Carolina, Pulp Mill. Peter Gorog, Senior Research Specialist, Energy and Recovery Research and Development, Weyerhaeuser

In December 1996, the world's first commercial black liquor gasifier was started up at Weyerhaeuser's New Bern, North Carolina pulp mill. Introduction of such a radically different approach to kraft recovery proved a formidable undertaking, but over the past 2 1/2 years most of the key technical challenges have been resolved, or at least reduced to manageable levels. Currently, the process is providing an important margin of incremental recovery capacity at the New Bern mill and its operating reliability continues to improve. Still, incremental recovery represents only a fraction of the ultimate potential of black liquor gasification. The full impact of this technology remains to be realized with integrated, combined-cycle cogeneration applications. Eventually, black liquor gasification is expected to yield much higher power to steam ratios, improved safety, fewer environmental liabilities, pulping process benefits deriving from the ability to separately control alkalinity and sulfidity, and, perhaps, more favorable capital costs. The project at New Bern can be viewed as an essential step toward this longer-term goal.

This paper reviews Weyerhaeuser's experience at New Bern, discusses some of the early challenges, and highlights the progress toward realizing this technology's the full potential.

10.2 Fuel-Cell Technology: Applications and Research. Dr. Peter Lehman, Director, Schatz Energy Research Center, Professor of Environmental Resources Engineering, Humboldt State University, Arcata, California

Fuel-cell generators chemically produce electricity from hydrogen and air. The only by-product of this process is water. Current research at the Schatz Energy Research Center includes the development of solar hydrogen generation systems and the research and production of proton-exchange-membrane (PEM) fuel cells. Dr. Lehman will discuss current fuel-cell technology and research; possible industrial and transportation applications; the possible impacts of fuel-cell technology in reducing air emissions; and current applications, including the Palm Desert Renewable Transportation Project. The Project, which consists of four fuel-cell powered vehicles used by Palm Desert landscaping staff, demonstrates the practical utility of hydrogen as a transportation fuel and the proton-exchange-membrane fuel cell as a vehicle power system.

10.3 Coating System Reformulation Efforts in the Commercial Airplane Industry. Eric Steele, Senior Specialist Engineer, Boeing Company.

12.1 Nuclear Weapons and Waste Cleanup: Why You Should Still Care. Carol Lyons, City of Arvada, CO

13.1 Visitor Perceptions of Visual Air Quality and Economic Impacts on the Tourist Industry in the Vancouver Area. Anne Roberge and Roger McNeill

Previous economic benefit analysis of improved air quality in the Lower Fraser of British Columbia has been primarily based on human health effects. Our study, funded by the Georgia Basin Ecosystem Initiative, attempts to measure the impacts of changes in visible air quality on the region's $2.6 billions (1996 visitor expenditures) tourist industry. Our study builds on previous work of S.C. Pryor, which developed an aesthetic (non-health) visibility standard for residents. We adapted Pryor's 2-step method to a sample of tourists. First, visitors were shown slides and asked to rate the visibility conditions depicted on each using a scale from 1 to 7. The slides were shown a second time and visitors were asked to judge whether the conditions depicted would violate their visibility standard for this particular vacation destination. Respondents were instructed that the answer would be "YES", their visibility standard had been violated, if they felt that the depicted visibility conditions would deter them from returning to or recommending the region. Tourism studies have shown that 48% of visitors base their decision to visit the region on previous trips or word of mouth. Since our preliminary results suggest a high number of violations, VAQ could have a significant economic impact. We found, however, variations in the number of perceived violations by visitors' region of origin.

13.2 Review of IMPROVE Monitoring Data at Two Class I Area Sites in Support of Washington State's Visibility SIP Review. Frank Van Haren, Washington State Department of Ecology

Interagency Monitoring of Protected Visual Environments (IMPROVE) monitoring is conducted across the nation at several visually important Class I areas. The IMPROVE monitoring network, monitoring methodology and data analysis methodology has been developed over several years by a consortium of scientists from the EPA, the FLM, states groups and academia. The IMPROVE protocol for visibility monitoring and analysis represents the current state of the art in visibility monitoring science and is routinely used by those interested in visibility conditions throughout the United States.

IMPROVE visibility monitoring has been conducted at several locations in Washington State, but only two locations exist with a sufficiently long, uninterrupted, year round monitoring record to be used as the technical foundation for determinations of reasonable progress in protecting and improving Class I area visibility. These two sites are Mt. Rainier and Snoqualmie Pass.

The purpose of the data analysis is to characterize current annual and seasonal levels of visibility at the two long-term IMPROVE sites, compare visibility at the two sites, identify those pollutants that have a negative effect on visibility at these sites and define the long-term trends in visibility. This analysis, along with the analyses of emission inventory, trajectory analyses and source apportionment analyses forms the technical foundation upon which Ecology made its conclusions with respect to reasonable progress.

This paper summarizes the results of the IMPROVE data analysis. Among the important findings are: that sulfate clearly dominates the contribution to annual light extinction while organic carbon dominates the fine mass; organic carbon is the second most significant contributor to light extinction at Mt. Rainier while it is nitrate at Snoqualmie Pass; annual light extinction levels at Mt. Rainier have decreased significantly (improved visibility) over the past decade; and light extinction levels are worse at these two sites when compared to other visually important Class I areas in the western United States, mostly due to the effect of moist air on the light scattering efficiency of sulfate and nitrate.

13.3 Review of Air Emissions Data in Support of Washington State's Visibility SIP Review. Sally Otterson and Frank Van Haren, Washington State Department of Ecology

Air quality control programs, both non-visibility and visibility-specific programs, have been responsible for reducing emissions or preventing the increase of emissions that affect visibility. In support of the Visibility SIP review an analysis of emissions data was made to determine trends in visibility impairing emissions. Determinations of reasonable progress in improving or protecting visibility in Class I areas can be made using this data.

An inventory was constructed for sources of primary particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5), sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), volatile organic compounds (VOC), and ammonia (NH3). Estimates were made by county and month for the years 1985, 1996, and 2010. Estimates for 1996 were assigned to a 5-kilometer grid system to better assess spatial distribution. The inventory built upon information and experience gained during the previous SIP review, and considered long-term visibility/regional haze goals.

Among the significant findings are: emissions from sources targeted by phase I of the visibility regulations (point sources and prescribed burning) have decreased significantly since 1985 and are projected to decrease significantly through 2010; most of the projected phase I source decrease is due to the anticipated controls on the Centralia Coal-fired Power Plant; there has been a small but detectable decrease in phase II source emissions (all visibility impairing emission sources) and a modest projected decrease to 2010; most of the projected decrease in phase II source emissions is due to anticipated controls on the Centralia Coal-fired Power Plant and controls on mobile sources.

13.4 Back Trajectory Analysis Conducted in Support of Washington State's Visibility SIP Review. Clint Bowman and Frank Van Haren, Washington State Department of Ecology

If additional control measures are needed to continue reasonable progress towards improving and protecting visibility in Class I areas it is necessary to know what types of pollutants are affecting visibility, what types of sources are emitting these pollutants and where these sources are located. Back trajectory analysis was used to locate probable source contribution areas for two long-term Class I area IMPROVE monitoring sites. This analysis focuses on trajectories terminating at Snoqualmie Pass and Mount Rainier for specific worst case visibility days during the summer and autumn of 1997. It also examines the seasonal distribution of areas whose emissions are expected to contribute to the air quality at these two sites.

Among the significant findings are: there is no pattern that would suggest any specific geographic area dominates the contribution of dirty air on the worst visibility days; the worst visibility days are nearly evenly divided between trajectories coming from the east and west, and from urban areas and rural areas.

13.5 Source Apportionment Analysis Using CMB8 Conducted in Support of Washington State's Visibility SIP Review. Tim Allen and Frank Van Haren, Washington State Department of Ecology

Source apportionment analysis was conducted to identify the relative contribution from source categories that contribute visibility impairing emissions to the two long-term IMPROVE monitoring sites used for the Visibility SIP review. This was necessary to determine what source categories should be the focus of additional control strategies if progress towards the national visibility goal cannot be shown. Although the review showed that progress has occurred, the information provided by the source apportionment analysis, in combination with information on back trajectories and emissions inventory, helped us to better understand the source/receptor relationships.

This analysis is an extension of the analysis provided to the Puget Sound Air Pollution Control Agency (PSAPCA) by Worldwide Environmental Corporation (WECO), June 1998. In WECO's original study, data from three IMPROVE sites in Washington were analyzed using the Chemical Mass Balance Model Version 8 (CMB8). This original study looked at speciated fine particulate data collected at the Beacon Hill, Mt. Rainier, and Snoqualmie Pass IMPROVE sites, co-located meteorological data, and the surrounding emission inventory estimates in performing a mass balance apportionment exercise. The study analyzed all data collected between 4/96-3/97. Ecology staff extended PSAPCA's study with the inclusion of all worst-case days (worst 20%) for the 1997 season.

Among the significant findings are: source categories that can be identified using IMPROVE monitoring data tend to be general in nature; contributions of primary pollutants (versus secondary pollutants) from industrial sources tend to be small and infrequent; contributions from the vegetative burning and motor vehicle categories are quite different in terms of mass yet have similar impacts on light extinction; vegetative burning, motor vehicles and sources that contribute to sulfate formation (not identified) dominate the contribution on the worst visibility days.

14.1 The Next Generation of Meteorological and Atmospheric Dispersion Modeling Systems for Hanford Emergency Response Applications. Clifford Glantz, Kenneth J. Allwine Jr., and Mitch Pelton, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland

To assist the U.S. Department of Energy's Hanford Site in dealing with a wide range of potential emergency situations, our team has developed and deployed two new PC-based software tools: MetView and APGEMS.

The MetView tool is used to display real-time meteorological information. Directed from a user-friendly interface, the software generates graphical plots of wind, precipitation, temperature, and other meteorological data on a customizable background map.

The APGEMS (Air Pollutant Graphical Environmental Modeling System) is a three-dimensional, Lagrangian puff, atmospheric dispersion model. The model employs nesting techniques to provide fine resolution near the source while still covering modeling domains up to several hundred kilometers on a side. Dynamic effects are parameterized to account for complex terrain. The model's user-friendly interface provides for the rapid initiation of the model and a four-hour simulation can be completed in less than 15 seconds using a 400 MHz PC. Output products (such as contours of exposure, concentration, and radiological dose) are displayed graphically on a customizable background map.

Products from both MetView and APGEMS can be automatically displayed on the web. The introduction of these two tools has dramatically improved Hanford's capabilities for both displaying meteorological data and assessing atmospheric dispersion conditions. The models can easily be modified to work at other sites.

14.2 Application of MM5 and the CALPUFF Modeling System for Class I Area Assessments. Ken Richmond, MFG, Inc., Tim Allen and Clint Bowman, Washington State Department of Ecology

Class I area assessments in the Pacific Northwest for visibility and other air quality related values are often limited in scope by the availability of methods to characterize the region's complex meteorology. Such assessments are required for new major industrial sources under the Clean Air Act and will be necessary for States to address the EPA's recently promulgated Regional Haze Regulations. Meteorological regimes in the Pacific Northwest typically have complex three-dimensional qualities that are important for assessments of regional air quality. Although the number of surface sites is gradually increasing in the area, the stations tend to be located at airports, near populated areas and the network is not adequate to characterize flow within the region's more rugged terrain. The observational database also lacks sufficient upper air measurements to describe wind patterns aloft that can be important in transporting buoyant industrial plumes from lowland areas to the Class I areas.

Sponsored by a consortium of local and federal agencies, the University of Washington has been running the Penn State/National Center for Atmospheric Research Mesoscale Model (MM5) to support regional weather forecasting in the Pacific Northwest. The MM5 simulations are initiated twice daily; are performed on three nested grids with resolutions of 36, 12 and 4 km; involve 32 vertical levels; and are archived hourly. These data have been archived since 1997 and are a valuable potential resource for the air quality modeling community including groups examining air quality related values in Class I areas.

The presentation will describe an application of the CALPUFF modeling system driven by the MM5 Mesoscale Model as part of an ongoing effort to assess potential Class I area impacts from a power generation facility near the Canadian border. The methods used to extract subsets of the large MM5 archive, treat periods of missing data, and prepare data for the CALPUFF modeling system will be described. The resulting meteorological fields will be compared to observations and predictions from seasonal CALPUFF simulations will be presented.

14.3 Near-Source Plume Behavior Under Stable Conditions. Michael F. Dunleavy, Jeremy Avise, and Holly Peterson. Environmental Engineering Deparrtment, Montana Tech of the University of Montana

A better understanding of near-source plume behavior is important for predicting human health risks from acute exposure to toxic air pollutants. It is also necessary for addressing effectiveness of smoke obscurants in addition to fate and transport of Nuclear, Biological, and Chemical (NBC) agents. In particular, few data are available to characterize plume spread and concentration fluctuations under stable, low wind conditions. In July of 1999, a research campaign was conducted amid a rural field near Colfax, WA, under nighttime, stable conditions in open terrain and in the vicinity of an isolated building. Sulfur hexafluoride gas was released as a tracer gas while downwind concentrations were measured at 1 Hz with a fast-response analyzer and during 30-min periods with time-averaged syringe samplers. Meteorological conditions were monitored via two uvw anemometers, a sonic anemometer, and a 10-m tower equipped with wind and temperature sensors at two heights. Results from the open-field experiments consist of concentration fluctuation statistics and plume spread parameters on instantaneous and average time frames. Data from the building setup consist of concentration fluctuations within and near the recirculation cavity and time-averaged concentration patterns in the wake regions.

14.4 Wintertime Cold Pool and Pollutant Dispersion in Mid Columbia Basin. S. Zhong, C. D. Whiteman, W. J. Shaw, J. M. Hubbe, and X. Bian, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington

Persistent wintertime cold pools are a prominent feature of the meteorology of many basin areas, leading to high static stability conditions that can trap air for many days and allow pollutants to build up to high levels. Forecasting the buildup and removal of these cold pools and the transport and diffusion of pollutants during cold pool evolution is difficult because the mechanisms leading to wintertime cold pool development, maintenance and removal are not yet clear. A three-dimensional high resolution mesoscale numerical model is used to
simulate a cold pool episode observed in the winter of 1999 in Columbia Basin of eastern Washington. The modeled evolution of temperature and stability in the cold pool agree well with observations. Sensitivity tests are used to identify the mechanisms responsible for cold pool buildup and breakup. The implications for air pollution are illustrated using a Lagrangian particle dispersion model that is coupled to the mesoscale meteorological model.
Particles are released to the pool and are tracked in space and time, illustrating how the cold pool evolution processes affect transport and dispersion of pollutants within the basin, and how pollutants are released from
the basin as the cold pool is destroyed.

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15.1 Reclaimed Water Plant for Irrigation at the Golf Club at Newcastle (Oki Developments, Inc.). Kris Turschmid, Dames & Moore

End users who consume large volumes of potable water for non-potable purposes are acutely aware of the increasing pressure on Washington's freshwater resources to serve the needs of people, fish, farms and industry. It is possible that with increasing development and concomitant demands on existing supplies of potable water, non-essential water uses such as landscape irrigation may be curtailed or rationed in the future. This is particularly true in the Puget Sound lowlands. For one such end-user, a premier hilltop golf course located on the eastside of Lake Washington, Dames & Moore was asked to develop prudent alternatives to secure long-term water supplies. Based on this work, we were commissioned to undertake concept level studies to determine the feasibility of a water reclamation and reuse project originating from the wastewater flows in the Newcastle area of King County. We identified potential siting alternatives, surveyed local industries with the potential to take reclaimed water produced by a small plant, and obtained vendor information for a plant treating approximately 0.5 million gallons per day (MGD) of wastewater to the State standard for Class A reclaimed water. A preliminary irrigation design contemplated piping to the golf club's irrigation system through a reclaimed water force main. Project facilities, institutional, regulatory and economic considerations scoped, and initial funding applications and presentations were prepared and submitted. Oki Developments has now asked Dames & Moore to proceed with final siting, initial permitting and regulatory compliance, and preliminary design.

15.2 Joint Study of Salmon Creek (Phase I) (Colville Confederated Tribes and Okanogan Irrigation District, 1998-1999, $218,000).

Dames & Moore was asked by the Colville Confederated Tribes (Tribes) and the Okanogan Irrigation District (District, or OID) to develop a range of feasible alternatives to restore instream flows and anadromous salmonids to Salmon Creek. Our approach to this challenge has been to seek an overall workable solution. That is, it must restore and enhance anadromous fish runs in Salmon Creek, while at the same time enabling the district to protect its water rights and ensure water delivery to its members. The results of this initial planning study suggest that such a solution is within reach B not only possible, but feasible. Fisheries and stream geomorphology field studies indicated that flows in the range of 15 to 20 cfs, when coupled with channel modifications in the lower reach of Salmon Creek, can provide adequate passage for summer steelhead and spring chinook, allowing access to 11 miles of high quality habitat above the district's diversion dam. An integrated water system operations and hydrology model was developed to evaluate alternatives in terms of fish flow requirements. More than two dozen alternative sources of water supply were investigated, including water conservation, exchanges, management, marketing, rights, and storage opportunities. A range of recommended alternatives were provided to the Joint Committee of tribal and district representatives, including one alternative that could restore the entire natural flow of Salmon Creek while maintaining district irrigation service in full.

15.3 Pine Hollow Reservoir Project (Ahtanum Irrigation District and Washington Department of Ecology, 1998-ongoing)

Dames & Moore conducted construction feasibility review and provided assistance in hydrologic and water rights analysis for the Ahtanum Irrigation District's (AID) proposed Pine Hollow Reservoir. This off-stream storage facility would provide irrigation water to AID and the Yakama Indian Nation (YIN), restore aquatic life and wildlife habitat in a dewatered creek, and attenuate flood flows. A 1964 United States Ninth District Circuit Court ruling allows the Wapato Irrigation Project (WIP) to divert the entire flow of Ahtanum Creek after the tenth of July each year, drying up a ten-mile segment of the Ahtanum Creek system every summer. The significant environmental and economic impacts of this diversion can be offset through an overall workable solution meeting the needs of both irrigators and the YIN. We designed a project capable of capturing surface runoff during the non-irrigation season, to be made available for multiple purposes on a year-round basis. This project not only allows irrigators to extend their irrigation season beyond a current mid-summer cutoff of water, it also allows the Indian tribe to develop its full water right, an option not possible under existing water management.

17.1 High Winterime Particulate Matter Episodes in Spokane, Washington. Dr. Rafael Villasenor, Susan O'Neill, Dr. Candis Claiborn, and Dr. Brian Lamb, Laboratory for Atmospheric Research and Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA

A robust Eulerian regional air quality model was used to characterize the emission, transport and dispersion of atmospheric particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5) in Spokane, Washington. A simple and efficient urban dispersion model was used to simulate several important episodes characterized by the highest PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations. Then, a single event during which roads contributed significantly the high PM levels was selected for further analysis using the Eulerian regional air quality model. Modeled results were compared to ambient concentrations observed at two sites in Spokane - an industrial site, and a residential site. When roads are not emitting the emission inventory for the industrial site appears to be well characterized, but it is not very good for those days during which roads are emitting. The residential site seems to be reasonably well characterized, with two possible exceptions; first, during the early morning hours when the boundary layer begins to grow, and second, the late evening hours when the nocturnal boundary layer is well developed. The models do a reasonably good job in predicting the traffic periods. The differences between predicted results and observed data for the industrial area for those days during which roads emit suggest that there are probably unidentified sources contributing to the particulate levels at that site.

17.2 Regional Air Quality Modeling of PM10 due to Windblown Dust on the Columbia Plateau. Bu-Hyun Lee1, Dr. Candis Claiborn1, Dr. Brian Lamb1, Dr. David G. Chandler2, and Dr. Keith Saxton2, 1-Laboratory for Atmospheric Research and Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Washington State University, 2-USDA/ARS, Pullman, WA

A regional air quality modeling system was developed to understand the emission, transport, and dispersion of windblown dust on the Columbia Plateau, in central Washington State. This modeling system incorporates the empirical wind erosion and fugitive dust model developed by Chandler et al. In this paper the modeling system is described. The model is used to examine several historical dust storm events on the Columbia Plateau. An uncertainty analysis of the model is performed to understand and quantify uncertainties of empirically determined parameters, and indicates that the model uncertainty is approximately a factor of two. Applications of the model to predict effects of agricultural practices aimed at reducing air pollution are presented.

17.3 An Empirical Model of Wind Erosion and Fugitive Dust Fluxes from Agricultural lands on the Columbia Plateau. Dr. David G. Chandler1, Dr. Keith Saxton1, Dr. Brian Lamb2, Dr. Candis Claiborn2, 1-USDA/ARS, Pullman, WA, 2-Washington State University, Pullman, WA

With recent emphasis of agricultural wind erosion and associated dust emissions impacting downwind air quality, there is an increased need for a prediction method to estimate dust emissions and concentrations on a wind event basis. Most current wind erosion methods predict average annual or seasonal erosion amounts and only very approximate estimates of suspended dust emissions are available. A project in the Columbia Plateau of Eastern Washington State was initiated to develop an empirical method to estimate dust emissions in this region. Field measurements, wind tunnel tests and laboratory analyses were combined to provide a wind erosion equation and a related vertical flux dust emission model. When combined with a transport-dispersion model, estimates of downwind particulate concentrations compared reasonably with those measured.

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18.1 The Rest of the Story: Seminar on Indoor Air Pollution Principles Including Case Studies. Rich Prill, Building Scientist, WSU Energy Program, Dave Blake, Environmental Specialist, Northwest Air Pollution Authority

This ninety-minute seminar is an excellent primer to orient outdoor air pollution professionals to the very real issues regarding the quality of air inside our buildings (where the average person spends 90% of their time). The presentation covers the health and economic impacts of poor indoor air quality (IAQ); a review of the most common sources of these air pollutants; and an overview of the latest in practical testing, diagnostic, and mitigation techniques. The presentation will focus on the most frequent causes of IAQ incidents and common sense methods to prevent buildings from becoming sources of exposure, risk, and distraction to the occupants. Interesting case studies from across the Pacific Northwest, including diagnostics and mitigation, will be offered as illustrations of the principles discussed.

18.2 The Straight Scoop on Mold Health Effects & Risk Management. Brad Prezant, MSPH, CIH, CPE bprezant@prezant.com,

Recent media attention has focused on the hazards of mold growth in buildings. This presentation reviews the known health effects, exposure potential, principles of investigation of buildings, and remediation protocols in an attempt to provide a comprehensive view on a developing standard of care for health professionals/hazardous material managers/industrial hygienists in properly managing exposure risk.

Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Current Regulation, Emissions Trading and What to Expect in the Future

21.1 Greenhouse gas emissions: Current Regulation, Emissions trading and What to Expect in the Future. Sam Sadler, Oregon Office of Energy

Oregon's Carbon Dioxide Standard for New Energy Facilities. In 1997 the Oregon passed legislation that gave the Oregon Energy Facility Siting Council ("Council") authority to set carbon dioxide ("CO2") emissions standards for new energy facilities. The law specified standards that apply to base-load gas plants. In 1999, the Council adopted additional CO2 standards for non-base load power plants and nongenerating energy facilities that emit CO2. The reductions are greater than can be met by efficiency alone, so energy developers must provide CO2 offsets. They can carry out offset projects themselves, or they can provide funds to an independent organization, the Oregon Climate Trust, to acquire the offsets. The standards require significant reductions of CO2 emissions. For base-load gas plants, the standard is 17 percent below the CO2 emissions of the most efficient plant currently operating. Nevertheless, in supporting the CO2 standard legislation, industry agreed that it could meet the standard and remain competitive.

21.2 Betting on Kyoto: A Canadian Perspective on Greenhouse Gas Emissions Regulation. Paul Wilson & Ron Ezekiel, Russell & DuMoulin, Barristers & Solicitors

While some US lawmakers have been active in this area with draft legislation for early action tabled in the Senate, Canadian federal and provincial governments are currently debating the countless options available for the regulation of greenhouse gas emissions. With as of yet no clear regulatory direction, some Canadian businesses are blazing their own trail. To demonstrate the viability of emissions trading, Canadian companies have taken to attempting to establish ownership of, and even trading, emission reduction credits far in advance of any recognized market or legal benefit. To some, the profound changes that regulation in this area might bring far outweighs the host of risks a regulatory vacuum creates. Also, with the jury still out on allowance trading versus credit trading, many companies find themselves in the awkward position of having to prepare for both. Some of the steps that companies can take to prepare themselves will also be discussed.

21.3 Greenhouse Gases in Washington State: Stuck in the Middle Again. Tony Usibelli, Washington State CTED Energy Division

The State of Washington does not regulate greenhouse gas emissions and future regulation is unlikely any time soon. However, state government can play a valuable role in reducing greenhouse gas emissions and sequestering carbon. Some of the methods available include promoting voluntary CO2 reductions for new power plants, supporting local government and industry participation in programs such as Climate Wise, providing incentives for research and development of carbon sequestration projects, promulgating policies to support energy efficiency and renewable energy development, and aligning state economic and community development programs with climate change objectives. In addition the state can better inform citizens and policy makers about the likely regional impacts of climate change and the potential benefits of intelligently designed greenhouse gas reduction strategies.

22.1 Selecting a Site to Monitor Representative Population Exposure to Air Toxics. Gregg Lande, Oregon Department of Environmental Quality

By now everyone recognizes that Congress missed the boat when it didn't make Emissions Inventories and Ambient Monitoring a part of Section 112 of the Clean Air Act. The EPA began realizing it would need this type of information when Congress started asking embarrassing questions about how progress in the NESHAP program would be measured. Oregon DEQ received grant money to establish an urban monitoring site in Portland as part of EPA's effort to build a national air toxics network. Since the objective of the EPA network is to measure "representative" urban population exposures, and since we had scant previous data on air toxics in different parts of Portland, we chose to conduct a year-long monitoring survey. We also realized that final site selection would be of more than casual interest to neighborhoods already sensitized to air toxics issues. This presentation will cover the technical aspects of data collection and analysis, but it will also touch upon the much more interesting process of selecting a single representative urban site with community involvement.

22.2 Toxics monitoring in two urban neighborhoods in south Seattle. Carol Piening, Richard Siddoway, and John Williamson, Washington State Department of Ecology.

In south Seattle, residential areas are in close proximity with commercial, industrial, and transportation facilities. We are starting a project to survey for toxic air pollutants in two neighborhoods in this area. One of the neighborhoods, Beacon Hill, is largely residential and is located on a broad hilltop overlooking the industrialized valley. Over the past several years, we have monitored for a range of criteria pollutants, including SO2, NOx, ozone, and particulate matter at Beacon Hill. The other neighborhood, Georgetown, is a small residential district of a few city blocks, located in the valley and with a mix of commercial, industrial, highway, and airport facilities immediately adjacent to the neighborhood. In this study, we will monitor for a range of toxic pollutants in Georgetown and Beacon Hill. We hope the data will provide us with the species of pollutants, the ambient concentrations, and a comparison of species and concentrations between the two neighborhoods. We will sample on a "one in six" schedule, with the ability to take additional samples when meteorological conditions are favorable for collecting "peak" samples. Our target pollutants include most of the thirty-three compounds listed by EPA as being of special concern in their Urban Air Toxics strategy. Thus, we will be sampling for VOCs, speciated particulate matter (metals), aldehydes and (budget permitting) speciated PAHs. We will use standard sampling and analysis protocols, in order to be able to compare our data with similar information collected elsewhere in the region.

22.3 Air Toxics Monitoring in Bellingham, Washington. Lester Keel, Northwest Air Pollution Authority

Volatile organic compounds (EPA Method TO-14) and carbonyl compounds (EPA Method TO-11) samples were taken intermittently between August 1995 and August 1999 in Bellingham, Washington (1996 pop. 59,840). Twenty-four hour integrated contaminant concentration data were obtained from sites located at sidewalk-level adjacent to a busy intersection in the downtown core, adjacent to a sulfite pulp mill/alcohol plant (located on the waterfront downtown), and at typical suburban "mini-mall." Background atmospheric contamination and laboratory contamination were detected during the project. The results of screening the data against health-based benchmark concentrations and comparisons to monitoring results from similar localities are provided.

24.1 The Role of Performance Assessments in Hanford Waste Disposal Operations, by Dr. Marc I. Wood, Waste Management Federal Services of Hanford

Performance Assessment (PA) analyses have been developed to evaluate the long-term isolation capability of the Hanford Site Low-Level Waste Burial Grounds (LLBG). Both Low-Level Waste (LLW) and Low-Level Mixed Waste (LLMW) are being disposed in the LLBG. To quantify isolation capability, performance was estimated relative to quantitative performance objectives and measures defined in DOE Order 435.1, Radioactive Waste Management.. The performance objectives and measures are annual dose to man exposure limits or fluxes due to radionuclide releases from the disposal facility after final closure. The two most important performance objectives and measures are dose to man from use of contaminated groundwater whose source is radionuclide inventory leached from the LLBG and direct exposure to inadvertently exhumed LLBG waste.

In the PA analyses, a set of radionuclide releases scenarios were developed to allow quantification of dose to man and radionuclide fluxes that correspond to the identified performance objectives. To quantify groundwater contamination projections, Hanford Site hydrogeologic environmental parameters affecting radionuclide migration in the Hanford Site were input into release and transport models. To quantify inadvertent intrusion, agricultural use scenarios were developed. Given the known and projected radionuclide inventory, estimates of dose were quantified and compared to the performance objectives. To date, the analyses indicate that performance is adequate. Waste acceptance criteria have been developed and implemented from these results to ensure continued acceptable performance.

24.2 The Waste Receiving and Processing Facility (WRAP) - Part of the Solution to Waste Disposal Issues. Mark S. French, U.S. Department of Energy, Richland Operations Office

The Waste Repackaging and Processing (WRAP) Facility is a state-of-the-art facility built and permitted to facilitate inspection, characterization, some treatment, and certification of transuranic (TRU), low-level and mixed waste at the Hanford Site in Washington state. The $55 million facility is operated by Waste Management Federal Services of Hanford, Inc. for Fluor Daniel Hanford under the Project Hanford Management Contract. WRAP has recently (September 1998) completed all applicable U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) requirements and received authorization to commence nuclear operations. This paper describes the WRAP Facility, its capabilities and planned operations.

The WRAP Facility is relatively unique in the DOE complex. It was conceived, designed and built solely to inspect, examine and assay waste containers, and provides capability to open containers within a containment boundary, sample contents, remove non-compliant or unidentified objects, and repackage wastes in accordance with established acceptance requirements. Container opening and limited processing of non-compliant items is accomplished in glove boxes designed to facilitate remote handling using manipulators and automated handling devices to minimize contact and comply with ALARA objectives. State-of-the art nondestructive examination and assay (NDE/NDA) instrumentation is provided to aid in proper identification of filled waste containers. Suspect objects or items identified through NDE/NDA can be removed in the glove box process area that provides containment for control of radioactivity and protection of workers. WRAP is designed to consolidate the operations necessary to inspect and process waste to facilitate verification of contents and provide evidence for certification of wastes to established waste acceptance criteria.

26.1 Comparison of Measured and Predicted Motor Vehicle Hydrocarbon Emission Rates in the Mount Baker Tunnel. Michael Boyer, Sally Otterson and Cristiana Figueroa, Washington State Department of Ecology

Motor vehicles are the largest source of anthropogenic hydrocarbons in Washington. Due to their preponderance as an emission source, it is important to ascertain the accuracy of the mobile source emission inventory. The inventory of mobile source emissions is essential to:

1) Conduct dispersion modeling to help understand pollutant formation and distribution in the region.

2) Evaluate the effectiveness of control measures such as the motor vehicle inspection and maintenance program (I/M). To develop the mobile source emission inventory, Ecology makes use of the Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) MOBILE model. Various studies across the nation have found significant discrepancies between emissions measurements and MOBILE model predictions. This highlights the importance of evaluating emission model performance versus real-fleet emissions in Washington.To evaluate the model, MOBILE predictions were compared with a limited number of hydrocarbon measurements taken in the Mount Baker Tunnel in Seattle. This is the first attempt to compare a mobile emissions model with on-road measurements in Washington. The MOBILE model was developed to calculate an average fleet emission factor based upon the EPA Federal Test Procedure (FTP). The FTP was designed to represent average driving conditions, and primarily consists of acceleration and deceleration modes. The Mount Baker Tunnel Study primarily represents a "cruise" scenario. HC emissions are highest during the deceleration mode, roughly ten times greater than the acceleration or cruise mode. It was expected that monitored emissions in the tunnel should be much lower than modeled emissions. The results of the comparison showed that measured HC emissions were less than the MOBILE predictions for all samples. The mean value for monitored emissions (net) averaged 43.6% less than modeled emissions, with a standard deviation of 6.7%. These results were in line with expectations that the monitored emissions in the tunnel should be much lower than modeled emissions.

26.2 Characterization of Volatile Organic Compounds Emitted from Hanford Tank 241-C-106 during a Sluicing Event. Markus Stauffer, Doug Bonfoey, COGEMA Engineering Corp., Rampur Viswanath, Waste Management Hanford, Inc.

Tank 241-C-106 is one of 177 underground storage tanks on the Hanford Reservation used to store the waste products from nuclear weapons production over the last 50 years. This tank is of particular concern because of its high radioactivity, heat production, the potential liberation of hydrogen, and its single shell tank design. During a sluicing event to transfer the contents to a new tank with a double wall design, industrial hygiene personnel measured 450 ppmv of volatile organic compounds in the ambient air surrounding the tank. Such a high concentration was unexpected and was of concern. Grab and sorbent tube samples were collected of the vapors, and a concerted effort was made to characterize the organic compounds in the emissions, their toxicological properties, and the potential health impact on the workers. 60 compounds were identified by GC/MS and quantitated based on authentic standards, and another 200 organic compounds were tentatively identified and their concentrations estimated. This presentation describes the analytical work and compares the results from sorbent tube and whole air analyses.

26.3. Hydrocarbon Area Sources and their Potential Influence on Ozone Production in the Tulsa, Oklahoma Area.

27.1 Innovation in State Government - Toward Sustainability. David Kunz, Oregon Department of Environmental Quality

27.2 Why Business Can Lean the Way Towards Sustainability. Barbara Lither, Oregon Department of Environmental Quality

29.1 Impact of Doubled CO2 on Climate and Water Resources in the Pacific Northwest. Steven Ghan, Ruby Leung, and Mark Wigmosta, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory

In many regions of the world the most serious impact of global warming is likely to be on water resources. However, projections of climate change by global climate models are of limited value because the 300-km resolution of the projections is too coarse for assessments of impacts on water resources. This is particularly true in regions such as the Pacific Northwest, where topography plays a major role in determining the climate and hence the distribution of water resources. To provide climate information at the resolution necessary for impact assessment, we have developed a regional climate model (RCM) with a parameterization of subgrid topographic effects on clouds, precipitation, and surface processes. Although the explicit resolution of the RCM is 90 km, the subgrid parameterization provides climate information at a resolution of 1km. We have driven the RCM with boundary conditions appropriate for the present day and for doubled CO2 concentration. The RCM simulates the present-day distribution of temperature, precipitation, and particularly snowpack far more realistically than do global climate models. For doubled CO2 the simulated climate is generally 2-3 0C warmer with about 10% more precipitation than in the present-day simulation. However, much more of the precipitation falls as rain rather than snow, so that the Cascade snowpack is reduced by about 50%. The peak runoff shifts earlier in the season, with stronger runoff during the winter months and weaker runoff during the summer months when it is most needed for irrigation.

29.2 Impacts of Climate Change on the Pacific Northwest, Philip Mote (UW), Alan Hamlet, and Nathan Mantua

Analyses of the impacts of past climate variations offer clues to the potential impacts of future climate change. The slowly-varying Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) is particularly useful for gauging the impacts of possible future climate change, because its modest temperature and precipitation variations have had a dramatic impact on the region's water resources, salmon, and forests. Scenarios for future climate suggest that current trends toward higher temperatures and higher winter precipitation will continue, eventually raising snow lines and causing snow to melt earlier in the year. Similar, but smaller, changes have been noted on decade-to-decade time scales as a result of PDO climate variations. Such changes in snowpack and summer water supply would cause drought stress in forests, possibly leading to extensive and permanent reductions in forested area, and spawning and rearing difficulties for salmon (in addition to the difficulties posed by rising water temperatures). Winter landslides and flooding could also become more frequent. For humans, the consequences of climate change extend beyond such direct effects on natural resources. Reductions in summer water supply would increase conflicts among water supply for irrigation and urban uses, instream flow, recreation, hydropower, and other uses that rely on storage of winter snowpack. The effects of increasing regional population are expected to exacerbate conflicts over declining water supplies.

29.3 Enhancing Carbon Sequestration in Terrestrial Ecosystems. Harvey Bolton and F. Blaine Metting

Fossil fuel and land-use changes (e.g., deforestation) are driving the rapid rise in atmospheric CO2 and other greenhouse gases. This rise could cause regional and global changes (e.g., global warming, altered precipitation, sea level rise). These impacts might be mitigated if increasing CO2 can be slowed or stopped. One strategy is to enhance the long-term sequestration of carbon in plants and soils with appropriate ecosystem management during the next 20-50 years. This will offset some fossil fuel releases and "buy time" for the development and implementation of more direct solutions.

However, the potential for carbon sequestration in terrestrial ecosystems is largely unknown because a fundamental understanding of the controls on carbon flux and storage at the global, landscape, ecosystem, and molecular/interfacial scales is poorly understood. A multiple lab (Pacific Northwest National Lab, Oak Ridge National Lab, Argonne National Lab) Center for Research on Enhancing Carbon Sequestration in Terrestrial Ecosystems has been funded by the Department of Energy. This Center is focused on evaluating the feasibility of different management practices on carbon sequestration at multiple scales. Results should have immediate application to both public and private organizations.

30.1 Air Quality Policies For The 21st Century Panel. Doug Hardesty, EPA Region 10

A number of existing federal programs will be maturing and changing during the next decade. New programs, standards and rules will also be introduced in the coming years. This presentation will present a look at some of the air quality programs that will be evolving during the early part of the 21st century, covering topics such as air toxics, new source review, operating permits, Tribal programs and ambient air quality standards. EPA's 10-year plan will be touched on and a few predictions will be shared.

30.2 Implications of Five New EPA Rulemakings for the Petroleum Refining Industry: A Case Study. B. Douglas Reeves, Consultant, Trinity Consultants, Jennifer A. Salathiel, Senior Consultant, Trinity Consultants, Rob Donovan, Vice President for Environmental Affairs, Tesoro Petroleum Companies

The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is currently promulgating or implementing five new major rules which will significantly impact petroleum refineries in the US. These are the Refinery Maximum Achievable Control Technology phase II (MACT II) rule, Tier II (low-sulfur) gasoline requirements, low-sulfur on- and off-road diesel fuel requirements , Regional Haze reduction rules, and MACT standards for process heaters.

Many refineries in the US will require significant process modifications in order to achieve compliance, costing the refining industry several billion dollars. Compliance with these five rules is also expected to consume significant quantities of engineering resources and require modifications to existing facility air operating permits.

This paper discusses the impact of the rules and compliance strategies by presenting a case study for a single refinery in the Pacific Northwest.

30.3 Wringing More Air Pollutants Out of Moblie Emission Sources. Eric Skelton, Spokane County Air Pollution Control Authority

The last quarter of the 20th Century saw very significant reductions in tailpipe emissions from motor vehicles. Most future projections have shown the emission reduction curves leveling off and even sloping up again, as growth in Vehicle Miles Traveled (VMT) offsets residual fleetwide emission improvements. Yet many areas of the U.S., including the Pacific Northwest, continue to experience ozone levels that violate the federal 1-hour standard. If and when the 8-hour standard becomes enforceable, presumably early in the 21st Century, the challenge to meet this standard will become more formidable, if in fact, we have already wrung all of the pollution we can out of motor vehicles. Thus, the approach to achieving further emission reductions from mobile sources over this last decade has evolved from the traditional technological emphasis to a focus on educating the public about their driving habits, how these habits contribute to the air pollution problem, and how people need to develop a new habit of driving less. The results of this approach, so far, have been less than dramatic and slow to come, as would be expected anytime there are efforts to modify human behavior in a society that does not like to be regulated. Have we truly reached the bottom of the technological curve in mobile source emission control, as has been preached over the decade of the 90s? Are we finally down to the choice of either giving up our fossil fueled cars or breathing dirty air? The answer to both questions is: Probably not. New developments, involving cleaner burning gasoline and diesel fuel, in conjunction with further technological improvements to internal combustion engines, large and small, are likely to keep technology at the forefront of air quality policymaking and control decisions, well into the 21st Century.

30.4 Puget Sound Clean Air Agency's Air Quality Policies for the 21st Century Jim Nolan and Naydene Maykut, Puget Sound Clean Air Agency

The presentation will begin with a brief review of the major directional changes in air quality policies from the 70's through the 90's. This will be followed by our vision of what the major changes will be in the first decade of the new millennium. Probable changes in policies with respect to stationary sources, motor vehicles, off-road engines, wood burning, and land use and transportation will be described. The presentation will close with the effect we believe these changes will have on air quality in the next ten years.

30.5 EPA 114/PSD Enforcement Inititive; What is this All About? Rick Kester, CH2M HILL

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, through their headquarters enforcement program, has undertaken a broad and widespread investigation of the utility, chemical, petroleum and pulp & paper industries. This investigation focuses on historical industry compliance with the laws and requirements of the Clean Air Act specifically related to PSD permitting provisions for new emission sources.

The team heading up EPA's Air Enforcement Division has indicated they believe that 75% of all U.S. facilities that emit criteria pollutants have failed to obtain proper permits for historical plant modifications that increased emissions by a significant amount. EPA uses Section 114 of the CAA, which gives EPA with virtually unlimited authority to request information from any parties in pursuing enforcement actions.

The inquiries issued under Section 114 authority are usually broad and poorly defined and cover all facility activity over the past 20 years. As a result, it is time consuming, resource intensive and very expensive for industries to respond to these inquiries. Once target companies respond to the inquiries, EPA uses the information provided to develop cases alleging PSD noncompliance or avoidance. This, in turn, leads to a long-term effort in defending against the allegations, settlement negotiations, and installation of additional emission control equipment, long term monitoring, public relations nightmares, and fines. In some cases, there have even been criminal findings, which have resulted in prison sentences for plant and corporate staff.

This panel discussion will explore the rational behind EPA's efforts, and some of the real world impacts of EPA's enforcement initiative.

30.6 Air Qulaity Policies for the 21st Century - A Candian Perspective. Ken Stubbs, Air Quality - Greater Vancouver Regional District

Policy trends, including new policies and shifting priorities will be discussed. As with most local agencies, the Greater Vancouver Regional District's priorities are shaped in part from federal initiatives, in part from provincial initiatives and in part from local priorities. The result is a unique approach to air quality issues aimed at protecting air quality in Canada's Pacific Northwest. Topics may include Harmonization Accord, Canada Wide Standards, greenhouse gases, indoor air quality, and public involvement.

31.1 Preventing Brownfields. Bert P. Krages, Environmental Law, Portland, Oregon

Many property owners have found themselves burdened with properties that are difficult to sell or develop because of issues associated with past environmental practices. This presentation covers the reasons why properties become commercially tainted and what property owners and environmental managers can do to prevent properties from becoming brownfields in the future. Specific issues to be discussed are contractual provisions with lessees and how to deal with issues such as industrial chemicals, underground tanks, wetlands, stormwater, and sediments. Bert Krages is an environmental attorney who also has an engineering background. He has a B.S. in Environmental Engineering from Northwestern University, an M.S. in Environmental Engineering from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, and a law degree from the University of Oregon. In addition to being a member of the Oregon State Bar, he is also registered as a Professional Engineer by the State of California.

31.2 Latest Regulatory, Technical and Funding Strategies for Cleaning Up and Redeveloping Urban Land in Oregon and Washington. Douglas C. MacCourt, Esq., Ater Wynne LLP, Portland, Oregon

Mr. MacCourt will share the five key changes in the brownfield revitalization landscape, and how Northwest communities are meeting demands for growth on brownfield sites while preserving farm and forest land. Doug MacCourt has more than ten years experience assisting businesses and local governments to comply with environmental laws and redevelop urban properties. Mr. MacCourt's practice at Ater Wynne is focused on land use, natural resources, environmental and Indian law. Mr. MacCourt has worked extensively with contaminated property or "brownfields," including the cleanup, purchase, sale and redevelopment of sites in the Portland metro area, throughout Oregon and other states. He works with manufacturers, transportation companies, local governments, mining and forest products industries, real estate developers and individual property owners on regulatory compliance related to water and air quality, wetlands, solid and hazardous waste disposal, real property assessment and acquisition, endangered species issues, and environmental emergencies.

Prior to returning to private practice in 1999, Mr. MacCourt led the development of the Portland Brownfield Initiative and the Portland Livable Community Showcase programs for the City of Portland where he helped create a variety of funding sources for local brownfields projects, worked with local citizens and environmental regulators to enhance cleanup processes, established Internet-based information and compliance resources, and helped local businesses develop public-private partnerships for reusing contaminated sites. He also managed environmental compliance on major regional transportation projects.

32.1 Oregon's New Environmental Laboratory Accreditation Program. Irene E, Ronning, Ph.D., Coordinator, Drinking Water Laboratory Certification Program, Oregon Health Division

Currently, the only environmental testing laboratory certification program in Oregon is the Drinking Water Laboratory Certification Program which has been certifying labs that test Oregon public drinking water to Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) standards. However, earlier this year the Oregon State Legislature approved a bill which establishes the Oregon Environmental Laboratory Accreditation Program (ORELAP) which will be accrediting all qualified labs which apply for testing performed for the Clean Air Act, Clean Water Act, Resource Conservation and Recovery Act as well as the Safe Drinking Water Act. ORELAP, as a National Environmental Laboratory Accreditation Program (NELAP) Accrediting Authority, will be accrediting labs to the 1999 National Environmental Laboratory Accreditation Conference (NELAC) Standards. This new fee based program is expected to accredit its first labs on July 1, 2000.

32.2 Implementation of the Oregon Environmental Laboratory Program (ORELAP). RaeAnn Hayes, Oregon Department of Environmental Quality

32.3 Laboratory Accreditation in Washington State. Perry Brake, Laboratory Accreditation Unit Supervisor, Department of Ecology.