Christopher Causton, Chairman of the Board, Capital Regional District and Mayor of Oak Bay Municipality

1. The Honourable Ian Waddell, British Columbia Minister of Environment, Lands and Parks

2. Barb McAllister, Director of Air Programs, US Environmental Protection Agency, Region X

3. Dr. John Robinson, Sustainable Development Research Institute, University of British Columbia

Facilitator: Matthew Cohen, Attorney, Heller Ehrman White and McAuliffe, Seattle

Elizabeth Waddell, Environmental Scientist EPA Region X, Seattle

Jay Willenberg, Senior Engineer, Puget Sound Clean Air Agency, Seattle

Elizabeth Gilpin, Inspector, Puget Sound Clean Air Agency, Seattle

Session Chair: Steve Van Slyke, CH2M Hill, Seattle

1. "A Decade of Emission Dioxin Data"

Al Lanfranco, A. Lanfranco and Associates, Delta, B.C.

This paper will discuss the techniques involved in the preparation and collection of organochlorinated substances (primarily dioxin and furan) from stacks and emission sources associated with various combustion processes. The presentation will largely be related to case studies of over 150 emission tests from more than 30 sources between 1990 and 2000. Some of the sources have had as many as 20 or more individual tests performed. The case studies range from PCB Incineration in Indonesia, biomedical incineration studies in Hawaii, and power boiler combustion in Coastal B.C.

The processes to be discussed include woodwaste power boilers, recovery boilers, MSW incinerators, hazwaste incinerators, biomedical incinerators, cement kilns, woodwaste gasifiers, and landfill gas incinerators. Fuel types, emission control equipment and process variables are discussed with respect to the impacts and advantages of specific process operating conditions.

The presentation includes discussions of Canadian and EPA standards and the differences in sampling and analytical protocols. QA/QC procedures, analytical detection limits, toxic equivalency, and costs are presented.

Comparisons of similar process units (boilers) and the use of surrogate parameters in predicting dioxin levels are also discussed.

Alan Lanfranco graduated from BCIT in 1971; in the first graduating class of Environmental Engineering Technology.

Al’s career began at Inco, in Thompson, Manitoba where he conducted analysis of air and water samples. In 1974, Al joined Beak Consultants in Vancouver as an emission monitoring technologist. From 1974 to 1982 Al developed Beak’s stack testing business and maintained clients across Canada and Northwestern USA.

A fortuitous set of circumstances allowed Al to start A. Lanfranco and Associates in 1983. Early clients were Canfor, Howe Sound Pulp and Paper, Northeast Coal Mines and Lafarge Canada. Al’s firm currently consists of 14 technical and support staff, and the company is active on an international basis. The company’s principal activities include dioxin/furan studies, air pollution control equipment performance evaluations, and CEM and RATA audits.

2. "Detection Limits and the Source Tester: How Low Can You Go and What Do You Do With the Data When You Get There"

Angela F. Hansen, Vice President and Christine L. Ramsey, Sr. Technical Writer

Am Test-Air Quality, LLC, 30545 S.E. 84th Street, #5, Preston, WA 98050

425-222-7746 (phone), 425-222-7849 (fax), amtestairquality@msn.com

This paper presents a discussion of the various ways detection limits can be calculated and presented when preparing source test data. It emphasizes the importance and benefit of pretest planning to determine what the detection limit will be in the stack gas and how to present non-detect data so it doesn’t skew models or risk assessments to a conservative result. Physical factors that influence detection limits in stack gas sampling are discussed, including selection of laboratory analytical methods and sampling procedures and stack conditions. Methods of presenting data versus each type of detection limit handling style are also discussed.

3. "Experimental Development of a VOC Emission Factor for a NESHAP Compliant Paint Stripping Material (When MSDS Information & Material Balances are not Sufficient)"

Stacia G. Dugan, Environmental Engineer

CH2M HILL, Bellevue, WA

The purpose of this aerospace compliant stripper emission evaluation was to develop a volatile organic carbon (VOC) emission factor for chemical stripping of paints from aircraft at a military base. The current emission factor for the stripper was provided by the stripper manufacturer and assumed 25% of the weight of the stripper used was emitted as a VOC. The manufacturer derived the emission factor from evaporation studies conducted on the stripper. The results from this type of test tells us how much material evaporates, not the amount of volatile organics emitted. Corrections to the evaporation results for water and peroxide content of the stripper can be made, but this does not account for the potential oxidation and evaporation of non-volatile organics. It also does not account for the organic portion of the evaporative emissions with respect to the normal stripper usage timeline. Complete evaporation to dryness does not occur during normal use of the stripper.

Ideally, the stripper material needed to be tested while stripping a painted surface under controlled environmental conditions, with constant monitoring of the weight loss and the VOC concentration of the vapor from the stripping process. A laboratory bench scale test was conducted on the stripper applied to painted aluminum aircraft panels. Results of the bench scale stripper tests were used to derive an emission factor for the stripper.

The emissions from the activity were measured by EPA Method 25A for total hydrocarbons (THC). Total hydrocarbons emissions as measured by EPA Method 25A are often used to represent Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) emissions, especially with mixtures of organic emissions. This emission factor evaluation produces a lower emission factor than the original assumptions. This may be important to sources when completing emission reports to regulatory agencies, when paying fees on those emissions, and when considering sources which may be included in control technology considerations for non-attainment area planning.

Optical Scientific, Inc., 205 Perry Parkway, Suite 14, Gaithersbury, MD, 20877

Airflow sensing in an industrial environment is a difficult challenge. Existing technologies like ultrasonic and Pitot tubes are expensive, require significant maintenance and installation costs, and can suffer from nonrepresentativeness leading to a misreporting of mass flow. For example, Pitot tube devices only measure at one point and may under or over report the true flow. And ultrasonic devices must be installed a 2 levels on the stack leading to high installation costs.

The optical anemometer was designed to solve these problems. Optical flow sensing was approved in 1998 as an equivalent Method 14 technology for compliance with the MACT rules. More than 40 optical anemometers are installed at primary aluminum producers around the world. The OFS-2000 Optical Flow Sensor is the latest introduction in the product line and was designed for measuring in the relatively short diameters of stacks and ducts.

The optical anemometer is installed at one level and measures thorough glass windows across the stack or duct. This means that installation costs are low and product life is long since the measurement is non-contact. True representativeness of the data is assured due to the path-averaged nature of the measurements and verified by thorough testing at the National Institute of Science and Technology (SIXT) Wind Tunnel and a 837 Mw generating station at Potomac Electric Power company (Pepco) for 40 CRF Part 75 compliance.

John Crosby obtained his B.S. in Atmospheric Science, State University of New York (SUNY) Albany MBA, Loyola College, Baltimore, Maryland

He has 25 years experience in the design, manufacture, and sales of instrumentation for meteorological and environmental applications. Projects have ranged from airport weather systems in Saudi Arabia to acoustic monitoring systems flown on the NASA Space Shuttle to optical anemometers at aluminum smelters around the world.

Loren Euhus, P.E. and Lori Blau

Pacific Simulation, Inc. and Ponderay Newsprint Company

1187 Alturas 422767 SR 20, Moscow, ID 83843 and  Usk, WA 99180

Ponderay Newsprint Company operates a newsprint mill in Usk, Washington. A Predictive Emissions Monitoring System (PEMS) for boiler NOx emissions was implemented at this mill in September of 1999. PEMS work by accurately predicting NOx emissions based upon more easily measurable variables, such as air flow into the boiler, temperature of the combustion air, fuel flow, residual oxygen concentration in the stack, etc. This application will save the mill in emissions monitoring costs.

First, conventional Continuous Emissions Monitoring System (CEMS) measurements were performed, providing historical data over a wide range of operation. Then an empirical predictive model was created from the historical data, and the model was put on line. To qualify to replace the CEMS, the NOx PEMS was subjected to rigorous certification testing as outlined by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). After review, the EPA certified the PEMS for operation, and the CEMS was removed from the mill. Re-verification of the predictive model will occur yearly with a relative accuracy test.

In addition, statistical data reconciliation techniques were employed to identify sensor failure, notify operations, and replace the bad input value with a predicted value in order to continue PEMS calculations. Sensor failures were simulated, and the EPA approved the PEMS for operation during single sensor failure.

Loren Euhus has worked for Pacific Simulation, Inc. for 6 years in the area of advanced modeling and control in the pulp and paper industry. He currently serves as engineering manager and is a registered professional engineer. He resides in Moscow, Idaho with his wife and daughter.

Session Chair: Steve Sakiama, B.C. Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks, Victoria

B. Doug Reeves, Sean M. McEldowney, Paul R. Mordorski

Trinity Consultants

Phone (425) 228-5100, FAX (425) 228-2662

Major new sources and major modifications to stationary sources of air pollution are required to undergo review through the prevention of significant deterioration (PSD) program. This review may involve predicting the impacts of the proposed source / modification to Class I areas, including criteria pollutant concentration, visibility impairment, and acidic species deposition. Currently available Gaussian, steady-state plume models, such as the Industrial Source Complex (ISC) model, are not well suited to estimate visibility and deposition impacts to Class I areas, particularly at distances over 50km.

CALPUFF, a LaGrangian dispersion model, is well suited to predict impacts to Class I areas, even at large distances (~ 200km). It includes modules that incorporate atmospheric chemistry and physics, allowing it to directly calculate visibility and deposition impacts. CALPUFF can also incorporate temporally and spatially variant meteorological conditions throughout the modeling domain, allowing for more realistic treatment of the atmosphere than Gaussian models. The development of three model scenarios for the same stationary source using CALPUFF and different types of meteorological data (single-station, MM4 derived windfields, and MM5 derived windfields) are discussed. Techniques and "how-tos" are presented, focusing on non-research users.

B. Doug Reeves, Sean M. McEldowney, Paul R. Mordorski

Trinity Consultants

Phone (425) 228-5100, FAX (425) 228-2662

Major new sources and major new modifications to stationary sources of air pollution are required to undergo review through the prevention of significant deterioration (PSD) program. Part of this review may require predicting the impacts of the proposed source / modification to Class I areas, including visibility impairment and acidic species deposition. As described in a previous paper, this analysis may be accomplished using the CALPUFF model.

A single stationary source complex was modeled in CALPUFF using three different sets of meteorological data: A single surface station, surface stations combined with MM4 mesoscale meteorological model output, and surface stations combined with MM5 mesoscale meteorological model output. Model results are compared and discussed within the context of performing the Class I analyses. Implications for choosing the most appropriate model application are discussed.

Eugene Kim, Tim Larson, Candis Claiborn

Washington State University, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering

Seattle, WA 98195-2700

Lianne Sheppard

University of Washington, Department of Biostatistics

Seattle, WA, Seattle, WA 98195-7232

Positive matrix factorization (PMF) was applied to the chemical elements analyzed from a total of 1261 daily PM2.5 samples collected at a residential site in Spokane, WA from 1995 through 1999. Samples were obtained from a versatile air pollution sampler and included 45 particulate elements as well as organic and elemental carbon. Due to the relatively low concentrations of sulfate compounds, it was not necessary to adjust the PMF solution for the ubiquitous presence of these compounds. Preliminary results indicate that 6 sources contribute independently to the observed mass. Those sources and average mass contributions are vegetative burning (41%), secondary aerosol (24%), vehicle emissions (15%), airborne soil (8%), municipal incinerator (3%), and metal processing (2%). Potential source contribution functions (PSCF) were computed using hourly weighted wind profiles and estimated mass contributions from each source. The results of PSCF analysis agree well with the reported locations of the point sources. The correlations between the estimated source contributions and concurrent gas phase pollutant concentrations were also consistent with the identified source categories - carbon monoxide was highly correlated with the vehicle source and sulfate and nitrate collected on the denuder upstream of the filter were highly correlated with the secondary aerosol.

Dr. Timothy Larson is a professor at the University of Washington, Environmental Engineering Department. He was conferred in 1976 at the University of Washington, Environmental Engineering, where he also received his MSChE in 1972. He received his Bachelor’s Degree in Chemical Engineering in 1968 from Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA.

Session Chair: Dan Mahar, Air Quality Engineer, Northwest Air Pollution Authority

1. "Marine Vapor Control in the Pacific Northwest - the Oregon Experience"

Kevin Downing

Oregon Department of Environmental Quality

811 SW 6th Ave, Portland, Oregon 97204

Gasoline is loaded onto barges in the Portland/Vancouver harbor for transport within the harbor, to coastal ports and to destinations elsewhere on the Columbia and Snake Rivers. Gasoline vapors escape during loading resulting in annual emissions of over 600 tons per year of ozone precursors. In the most recent emission inventory (1992) barge loading accounted for more than 1 percent of total anthropogenic volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions. When the state of Oregon first adopted VOC control standards in 1978 barge loading was proposed for control standards but action was deferred pending resolution of safety concerns. Since then barge loading has remained uncontrolled because of additional unresolved issues related to jurisdiction, technical feasibility and financial cost. Barge loading was again identified as a significant source of ozone precursors in the 1996 Portland ozone maintenance plan but proposals for controls were deferred pending construction of the cross-Cascades pipeline. Operation of this pipeline was projected to reduce marine loading activity and emissions by 90%. But by early 1999 the pipeline was several years behind schedule and Oregon DEQ began a rulemaking process to gain the projected emission reductions through marine loading vapor control requirements. Based on a RACT-like analysis, regulations were adopted calling for a 95% reduction in emissions for all Portland terminals including the smallest terminals loading about 100,000 barrels a year.

Born in the Empire State (New York) in 1951 and came to The Land of the Empire Builders (Oregon) to attend Reed College in 1970. He received his B.A. in Psychology, having published his undergraduate thesis in a peer reviewed journal. He began working for the Oregon Department of Environmental Quality in 1992 coordinating the state’s implementation of the 1990 Clean Air Act amendments. Kevin’s efforts contributed to Oregon being one of the few states to meet all of the applicable deadlines outlined by the Act. He also worked for two years managing the Department’s nonpoint source water quality program including development of water quality improvement plans for the lower Columbia River. Currently he works in the Airshed Planning section developing geographic and source-specific air quality protection strategies. He is married and has two children, a three year old boy and 9 month old girl. For recreation, he indulges in woodworking, bicycling and sailing. Kevin is the current President of his neighborhood association.

Walt Williamson

ARCO Refinery Ferndale

This paper may or may not be presented, depending on the status of the negotiated settlement between BP Amoco and EPA. If a settlement has not yet been reached, Mr. Williamson will present an alternate paper on general air quality issues in the petroleum industry.

Graduated from Montana College of Mineral Science and Technology (Montana Tech) with a BS in Environmental Engineering. Currently a Senior Environmental Engineer with BP Amoco responsible for air permitting and compliance with state and federal air regulations. Spent the last 15 years working in the oil refining industry as an Environmental Engineer. Also, spent 5 years working for Phillips 66 company in Borger, Texas and am a registered P.E. in Texas. Moved to Bellingham in 1991 to work at the Atlantic Richfield (ARCO) refinery near Blaine, WA which was purchased by BP Amoco in the spring of 2000.

Over the years have worked on many issues affecting refineries including PCBs, asbestos, solid and hazardous waste management, water supply and wastewater treatment, groundwater remediation, underground storage tank removal, emission inventories, air and wastewater permitting, and on compliance with many air regulations affecting refineries. Recently served as an industry representative on state advisory committees for toxic air pollutants and on the Prevention of Significant Deterioration Work Group.

3. "Refining Clean Fuels in Canada"

Peter Wynne

Chevron Canada Limited

355 North Willingdon Avenue, Burnaby, B.C., V5C 1X4

Tel: 604 257-4006, Fax: 604 257-4093, E-mail: pjwy@chevron.com

The presentation will be a broad overview of refining of cleaner gasoline and diesel fuel in Canada, with emphasis on British Columbia’s Lower Fraser Valley. Subjects that will be reviewed will include:

• Past, present, and future specifications for gasoline and diesel fuel in Canada. British Columbia has adopted stricter specifications in some areas and these will be reviewed as well.
• General trends in vehicle emissions, both as a result of newer vehicle technology and cleaner fuels.
• Trends in ambient air quality with emphasis on the Lower Fraser Valley.
• How refineries have invested and will invest in the future to meet the new fuel specifications.

Some general industry issues and concerns:

• Harmonization with US regulations.
• Product supply.
• Availability of competitive technology.

Received a Bachelor of Applied Science in Chemical Engineering from the University of British Columbia. Worked for 17 years with Chevron Canada Limited in the Vancouver area in a variety of roles including design, operations, supply, marketing, analytical, and Evironmental. Currently serve as Environmental Coordinator in the Operations Department, with responsibility for meeting all permit objectives as well as responsibility for Process Hazards Analysis on refinery units.

Session Chair: Bob Humphries, Levelton Engineering, Ltd., Richmond, B.C.

Bob Humphries

Levelton Engineering Ltd.

150-12791 Clarke Place

Richmond, BC

V6V 2H9

Fax: (604) 278-1042

Direct: (604) 207-5122

Before receiving permit approval to flare gas intermittently from a well, oil and gas companies are required to assess the potential environmental impact of flare emissions. Recently the British Columbia government has requested the assessment include model predictions of potential vegetation damage. In addition, the provincial government will place restrictions on the meteorological conditions during which flaring may take place.

During the past year dispersion modelling was carried out for sour gas wells (>5% H2S). The model results often show significant areas where the ambient SO2 concentration exceed provincial guidelines and where there is a potential for vegetation damage.

One difficulty with pre-flare modelling is that the available meteorology is often not representative of the area of the well site. Meteorological monitoring stations are normally set up shortly before flaring takes place and consequently the post-flaring assessment can use local meteorological data.

The post-flaring assessment of up to six cases will show that the impact from the flare is normally less than the pre-flaring model predictions suggest and that potential vegetation damage is minimal. The implications of these findings on pre-flaring modelling and regulatory restrictions on flaring conditions will be discussed.

A native of Edmonton, Dr. Humphries graduated from the University of Alberta with a B.Sc. in Honours Physics and an M.Sc. in Nuclear Physics. He then went on to McGill University where he obtained a Ph.D. in Meteorology. After a Post Doctoral Fellowship at the Atmospheric Environment Service, Dr. Humphries joined the Alberta Research Council in 1974 as a Research Officer. By 1984, he was Department Head of the Atmospheric Sciences Department and had acquired experience in meteorological field programs, international consulting, project management, and research management. In 1987, Dr. Humphries joined MacDonald Dettwiler as a Product Manager and Consultant in the Meteorological Systems Division specializing in remote sensing. He was responsible for Canadian marketing and providing meteorological consulting on national and international projects. In 1994, Dr. Humphries began working for Norecol, Dames & Moore as their Senior Meteorologist responsible for air quality modelling and meteorological analysis. Since 1996, Dr. Humphries has been the Manager of the Air Quality Modelling and Assessment Group at Levelton Engineering and provides services in dispersion modelling, meteorological monitoring, remote sensing, meteorological analysis, and air quality assessment.

 Session A6 Particulate Matter: Health Effects

Session Chair: Sally Liu, Washington State University

L.-J. Sally Liu, Tim Larson, Jane Koenig, Dave Kalman and Lianne Sheppard

Presenter: Sally Liu

University of Washington, Department of Environmental Health, Box 357234,

Seattle, WA 98195, USA

phone: 206-543-2005, Fax 206-543-8123

This paper is part of a comprehensive 3-year exposure assessment study that is examining the PM exposures and health effects in individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and cardiovascular diseases. This determines the relationship between personal, indoor, and outdoor PM exposures among COPD subjects and healthy controls in the Seattle area. Forty-six COPD and healthy subjects living in private or group homes participated in the monitoring sessions in the fall of 1999 and the winter of 2000. Personal, indoor, and outdoor PM10, PM2.5 and CO were monitored for 10 consecutive days for each subject. Harvard impactors (HI) were used for PM2.5 and PM10 measurements at indoor, outdoor, and central sites, while Harvard personal environmental monitors (HPEM) were used for personal PM2.5 monitoring.

Duplicates of the HI2.5 were collocated with the Federal Reference Method to determine its accuracy (R2 = 0.98, slope = 0.95, p < 0.001, n = 27 pairs). The coefficient of variation for the HI2.5 was 5.1 percent. The relationship between PM2.5, PM10, and CO concentrations at home indoor, home outdoor, and central sites was determined. The representativeness of the central site measurements for those at the home sites was also determined. The average daily PM2.5 outside the individual home sites was significantly correlated with PM2.5 measured at the central site (R2 = 0.92, slope = 1.00, p < 0.001, n = 22). The home indoor and outdoor levels of PM2.5 were also correlated (R2 = 0.20, slope = 0.42, p < 0.001, n = 126). However, personal exposures to PM2.5 were poorly correlated with indoor PM2.5 (R2 = 0.06, slope = 0.61, p = 0.01, n = 108). Preliminary results indicate that indoor CO was significantly correlated with the average fixed site CO concentrations (R2 = 0.19, p < 0.05, n = 24).

Dr. Sally Liu's research deals with various environmental problems, especially air pollution and exposure assessment. She holds a Doctoral of Science degree in Exposure Assessment and Analysis from Harvard University, School of Public Health. She is currently an Assistant Professor of Exposure Assessment at the Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Community Medicine at the University of Washington, Seattle.

Joel Kaufman, Carol Trenga, Therese Mar, Jane Koenig, Sally Liu

Washington State University

Presenter: Carol A. Trenga, PhD

Research Scientist

EPA NW Research Center for Particulate

Air Pollution and Health

Department of Environmental Health

University of Washington

Box 354803

Ph: 206-616-6569 Fax: 206-616-6528

Elevated levels of PM2.5 are associated with increased rates of hospitalization and respiratory death in elderly individuals with COPD. To determine whether PM2.5 levels are associated with alterations in oxygen saturation or heart rate in elderly COPD subjects, we performed daily measures of pulse oximetry on 45 elderly individuals with and without COPD who were participating in an air pollution exposure study in Seattle. Participants were monitored on 10 consecutive days between October 1999 and March 2000. Results: The average age of participants was 76. The COPD subjects had a median FEV1 of 54% of predicted value. The oxygen saturation levels in the 22 COPD subjects ranged between 81 and 99%. Personal PM2.5 levels ranged from 1.03ug/m3 to140.44 ug/m3, median 16.8ug/m3. The heart rate and oxygen saturation data was paired with exposure measures to determine the intra-individual change in physiologic measures relative to personal pollutant exposure levels. Univariate analyses using a generalized linear model with random intercept demonstrated no significant association between personal PM2.5 levels and oxygen saturation (p=0.51) or pulse rate (p= 0.47) in the COPD subjects. Furthermore, an analysis of fifteen participants with 02 saturations < 92% was unable to detect an association between PM2.5 levels and intra-individual alterations in oxygen saturation. Conclusions: Our study was unable to detect an association between ambient levels of PM2.5 and changes in heart rate or oxygen saturation in a susceptible elderly population with COPD.

Supported by: EPA Grants #R827355 and #CR827177

Dr. Carol Trenga is a Research Scientist at the EPA NW Research Center for Particulate Air Pollution and Health at the University of Washington. Her research interests include the role of nutritional status in lung disease and individual susceptibility to adverse health effects from air pollution and other toxins. Dr. Trenga holds a PhD in Environmental Toxicology from the University of Washington School of

Public Health and Community Medicine.

 Session A7 Particulate Matter: Reduction Strategies

Megan Duffy

Ross & Associates Environmental Consulting, Ltd.

1218 Third Avenue, Suite 1207

Seattle, WA 98101

Phone: (206) 447-1805, FAX: (206) 447-0956j

megan.duffy@ross-assoc.com

and

David S. Kircher

Puget Sound Clean Air Agency

110 Union St, Suite 500, Seattle WA 98101

Phone: (206) 689-4050, FAX: (206) 343-7522

In 1998, the Puget Sound Clean Air Agency (Clean Air Agency) undertook a stakeholder process to develop implementable, cost-effective strategies to reduce PM2.5 in the central Puget Sound basin. This paper summarizes the history of the stakeholder involvement process beginning with the recommendations of the Clean Air Agency's Health Committee that the Agency strive to reach a stringent PM2.5 air quality goal. The authors review the structure and design of the stakeholder process including who was involved and how the stakeholders were selected. In addition, the paper describes the process used to share technical and policy options with the stakeholders and how stakeholder feedback was used to guide the process. To illustrate this process, the authors summarize the role of technical "white papers", evaluation criteria and smaller working group input to the larger group process. The paper concludes with a summary of how recommendations were developed by the group, how differing opinions by stakeholders with divergent views were addressed and how these recommendations have been incorporated into the Clean Air Agency's strategic planning process.

Naydene Maykut

Puget Sound Clean Air Agency

110 Union St, Suite 500, Seattle WA 98101

Phone: (206) 689-4062, FAX: (206) 343-7522

naydenem@pscleanair.org

In 1999, the Puget Sound Clean Air Agency undertook a Stakeholder Process to develop cost-effective strategies to reduce PM2.5 in the central Puget Sound basin. The presentation will contain support information used in the process to determine the major source categories of PM2.5 and the potential effectiveness of implementing the high-priority emission reduction strategies. The support data includes emission inventory estimates, source apportionment results and projected effects on air quality and visibility. Emission inventory estimates and source apportionment results identified indoor and outdoor burning, motor vehicles and industrial sources of SO2 as major sources of PM2.5. High-priority emission reduction strategies addressed these sources. Estimates of emission reduction strategy effectiveness showed that implementing the first and second tier emission reduction strategies would result in meeting the Health Goals recommended by the agency’s PM Committee. These recommendations were an annual goal of 15 ug/m3 and a 24-hour goal of 25 ug/m3. Both of these goals are "never to be exceeded".

Kris H. Turschmid, P.E. and Shawn P. Wilson

URS Corporation

Seattle, Washington

The subject of this project is the control of emissions from an organic chemicals manufacturing plant located in the southeastern United States. The industry found itself under pressure from the surrounding community to reduce chemical odors emitted from the facility and from the local sewer authority to reduce discharges of ammonia to their sewers.

The plant, which can be classified as an organic chemicals, plastics and synthetic fibers (OCPSF) manufacturing facility, is engaged in production of styrene/butadiene and polyvinyl acrylate polymers. A flare system was originally used to control air emissions from the manufacturing processes. Effluent from equipment cleanup is pretreated in a precipitation and solids separation process prior to combining with other streams. Prior to the implementation of this project, the combined wastewater was directed to an aerated lagoon prior to discharge to the municipal sewer.

Concurrently with the wastewater and the emission control projects, a need for an additional supply of steam to the manufacturing process was identified. This required installation of an additional gas-fired boiler.

The plant management was considering three seemingly unrelated projects. The engineering contract was initially intended to address the odorous emissions and the ammonia discharges projects only. A project team was formed to develop process designs for the projects. It was concluded shortly thereafter that the issues should be addressed as a single project that would provide for elimination of the ammonia discharges, elimination of the hydrocarbon emissions, and the generation of an additional quantity of steam. An additional benefit of this approach was the recovery of the heat value of the hydrocarbon emissions. This paper provides description of the design of a single system providing for elimination of ammonia discharges and reduction of emissions while providing additional steam capacity for the production process. Design parameters and system performance is provided.

Kris Turschmid is a Principal Engineer in the Seattle, WA office of URS. Prior to joining URS Mr. Turschmid was President and Chief Executive for a medium sized environmental engineering company engaged in design of water, wastewater treatment, and air pollution control facilities for governmental and industrial clients. He has extensive experience involving projects in the United States and Europe.

Professional expertise includes project management, planning, process engineering and design of projects related to water pollution control, air pollution control, hazardous waste management, chemical process design, energy conversion and resource recovery. Other experience includes interface with government agencies as related to permitting projects.

Session A8 US EPA Initiatives and Policies: Federal Workgroup Activities

Melissa McAfee

Puget Sound Clean Air Agency

110 Union St, Ste 500

Seattle, WA 98101-2038

(206) 689-4056

In 1999 EPA launched a joint effort with the Department of Energy and industry groups to improve environmental performance and ease regulatory burdens for the metal castings and foundry industry. Four projects were identified:

• Environmental Assistance
• New Source Review Permitting Guidance
• Reuse of Spent Materials
• Performance Incentives

The metal casting industry process involves molten metal being poured into a mold to solidify. This includes investment casting, die casting, and foundries. It does not include primary and secondary metal production, smelters, extrusion, forging, or rolling mills.

The NSR workgroup goals are to

decrease the time to fill our permit applications,

• identify when it's necessary to apply,
• decrease permit engineer's review time, and
• improve the quality of applications.

Since most operations are small businesses, the group hopes to provide guidance on minor NSR permitting also. The work products for the group will be a plain language manual on NSR permitting for the industry and a technical information guide for state and local regulators. These manuals will include information, such as, source descriptions, control technology options, permit examples, and emission factor references. A subsequent PNWIS workshop is also planned to review hooding and capture strategies in an Industrial Ventilation Design Workshop.

Findings of this workgroup process will be presented in this paper with an emphasis on New Source Review.

Len Cordaro, Premier Die Casting; Jerry Donohue, Accu-Cast, Inc.; Jeet Radia, RMT Inc.; Amy Blankenbiller, Waterman & Associates

Susan Lindem, Bureau of Air Management, Wisconsin; Melissa McAfee, Puget Sound Clean Air Agency; Misty Parsons, Ohio EPA; Hien Nguyen, Michigan Air Quality Division

Lynn Hutchinson, EPA/OAQPS; Elaine Wright, US EPA Region 3; Jerry Newsome, US EPA; Barry Elman, US EPA; Peter Truitt, US EPA

Margaret L. Corbin

Air Quality Program Manager

Sea-Tac Airport

Port of Seattle

In February 2000, EPA created a workgroup under the Clean Air Act Advisory Committee’s (CAAAC) Subcommittee for Permits/New Source Review/Air Toxics. EPA created the workgroup to obtain stakeholder input on how to structure State/Local/Tribal (S/L/T) programs under the risk-based phase of the national air toxics program. The workgroup consisted of 21 members representing State and local agencies, cities and elected officials, an academic association, tribal authorities, environmental groups, environmental justice groups, and EPA. The Puget Sound Clean Air Agency was asked to participate and represent local air agencies. The workgroup was tasked with structuring a program to address unacceptable public health risks across the country, while striking an appropriate balance between the need for local flexibility and the need for national support for areas that require Federally mandated programs.

The workgroup identified four categories of goals to be met by an overall program to reduce air toxics risk. These are national, area-wide, near source, and community/neighborhood risk reduction goals. To meet each goal, the workgroup recommends a four-step process that includes assessment of the problem, program development, program implementation, an audit/backstop process. The EPA will consider the workgroup’s recommendations, along with public comments that were received in 1999 on the proposed Integrated Urban Air Toxics Strategy, in developing a plan for an overall program to address air toxics risk.

This presentation will include an overview of the workgroup process, the final recommendations, and critical issues identified by the workgroup.

Maggie obtained a B.S. degree in Atmospheric Sciences from UC Davis. She continued her graduate studies at the University of Washington in Seattle, and obtained a M.S. degree in Atmospheric Sciences in 1988.

After working at the Puget Sound Clean Air Agency for the last 12 years, Maggie has recently started work as the Air Quality Program Manager at Sea-Tac Airport. At the Puget Sound Clean Air Agency, she was the lead for the Agency’s point source air toxics control program in the Puget Sound region and provided technical assistance in regard to air toxics. She also worked on Title V Operating Permits and New Source Review permits.

In her free time, she enjoys hiking, kayaking and skiing.

 3. "Joint Enforcement Priorities Between EPA's Enforcement and Compliance Association and the States for FY 2001-2002"

Dave Kircher

Puget Sound Clean Air Agency

110 Union St, Suite 500, Seattle WA 98101

Phone: (206) 689-4050, FAX: (206) 343-7522

Every year each EPA regional office enters into an enforcement Memorandum of Agreement (MOA) with EPA headquarters Office of Enforcement and Compliance Assurance (OECA). The national guidance for the MOA is the result of a collaborative effort by EPA headquarters and the national association representing state and local air directors (STAPPA/ALAPCO). The main guidance STAPPA/ALAPCO has given EPA for FY 2001 is to complete the initiatives that are currently underway before adding new activities. As a result the FY2001 priorities look much the same as the previous two fiscal years.

EPA will continue to focus on inspection and enforcement activities involving the petroleum refining, organic chemical manufacturing, iron and steel manufacturing, and pulp and paper sectors. They are particularly concerned about enforcement of federal hazardous air pollutant and new source performance standards for these industries.

Current Position:

Puget Sound Clean Air Agency (1991 to present)

Manager, Engineering

Administer agency engineering and planning programs including new source permitting, operating permits, source registration, regulation development, air quality management and scientific research.

Past Positions:

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (1970 to 1991): Manager/Engineering positions (Seattle, Denver and Research Triangle Park, North Carolina). Air Quality and Hazardous Waste Programs

3M Company (1969 to 1970) Process Engineer

Education:

Bachelor of Mechanical Engineering

University of Minnesota, 1969

Master of Science, Civil Engineering

Massachusetts Institute of Technology,1975

Session A9 Atmospheric Pollutant Research in the Lower Fraser Valley

Session Chair: Wayne Belzer, Environment Canada, Vancouver

1. "Lower Fraser Valley Road Dust Sampling Program"

   Kelly Der, Dave Ferguson, and Derek Jennejohn

   Air Quality Department

   Greater Vancouver Regional District

   4330 Kingsway

   Burnaby, British Columbia

   V5H 4G8

   Phone: (604)-436-6700

   Fax: (604)-436-6707

   The Greater Vancouver Regional District is preparing an Air Quality Management Plan for the post-2000 period. Fine particulate has been identified as the contaminant of highest concern.

   Emission inventories for the Lower Fraser Valley show that road dust emissions are a significant source (25%) of fine particulate in the region. These estimates were calculated using the USEPA empirical equation that relates dust emissions to vehicle weight, vehicle distance traveled, and the amount of dust (silt loading) on the roads. Although the best available silt loading data was used (a limited set of measurements), considerable uncertainties remain in the estimate as silt loading can vary with location and weather conditions.

   In order to improve the estimate, an expanded program is underway to measure silt loadings at twenty streets throughout the Lower Mainland. Samples are being collected in each season from spring 2000 to winter 2001, for a total of eighty samples. This silt loading data will be used to revise inputs to the USEPA road dust emission estimation model, which will provide our best estimate of road dust emissions in the Lower Fraser Valley.

   Biography:

   Kelly Der is a Project Engineer with the Greater Vancouver Regional District Air Quality Department. He is involved with emission inventory development and associated projects.

    

2. "Dimethysulphide (DMS) Sampling in the Georgia Strait"

   Roxanne Brewer

   Environment Canada, Vancouver

   Dimethylsulfide (DMS), which is emitted from the ocean surface, has been shown to be the largest natural source of sulphur to the atmosphere and therefore the major source of non-seasalt sulfate in aerosol particles in the marine atmosphere. Its oxidation product, sulphate, has been shown to combine with gaseous ammonia and nitrate to form ammonium sulphate and ammonium nitrate aerosols, implicated in the formation of white haze, a major factor in visibility impairment in the Lower Fraser Valley. Although a large proportion of the ammonia involved in the production of white haze is believed to originate from manure application, sulphur–rich marine biogenic emissions have not been quantified in this region. In the present study, DMS concentrations were measured in seawater at 51 stations in the Georgia Strait in November 1999, April 2000 and August 2000 and during a 24-hour sampling period at a fixed station in August 2000. Surface water DMS concentrations ranged between 0-29 nmol/L. The highest DMS concentrations were measured during the April 2000 campaign during a strong phytoplankton bloom. Concentrations were similar to those measured in other coastal areas throughout the world. The data will be used to estimate ratio of biogenic to anthropogenic sulphur emissions to the Greater Vancouver/Fraser Valley airshed.

   Roxanne Brewer is an Atmospheric Processes Scientist with Environment Canada in Vancouver. Roxanne's background is in biology and environmental science. Her past work has included environmental assessments of aquatic ecosystems. She is currently working on air quality studies under the

   Georgia Basin Ecosystem Initiative focusing on toxics, visibility and particulate characterization.

    

3. "What's in the Air You're Breathing"

Wayne Belzer

Senior Atmospheric Chemist

Aquatic & Atmospheric Sciences Division

Environmental Conservation Branch

Environment Canada

700 - 1200 West 73rd Avenue

Vancouver, B.C. CANADA

V6P 6H9

Telephone:(604) 664-9125

FAX: (604) 664-9126

The lower Fraser Valley contains more than half the population of British Columbia. The vast majority of these people are located in urban centers, particularly Vancouver. However the population has spread through the Fraser Valley in the last few decades, with more change expected. As a consequence of " man’s activities" in the area and magnified by our unique geographic location, there are increasing numbers of chemicals and substances that are airborne and inhalable. These substances are largely from local sources, but there are also long-range transport phenomena that can impact our area too.

Environment Canada has been sampling the air in several locations throughout the Vancouver and lower Fraser Valley for several years. Those sampling programs have shown the presence of several substances in the air – chemicals and particles – that are of interest. Their impacts may be important to human as well as environmental receptors. However, little information is available on human exposure limits.

Wayne Belzer is the Senior Atmospheric Chemist, Aquatic & Atmospheric Sciences Division, Environmental Conservation Branch, Environment Canada. He has occupied this position for more than ten years, and has worked in both regional and national programs where he has contributed to the knowledge about substances in the atmospheric pathway. Before that he was with the B.C. Ministry of Environment Lands and Parks Laboratory, for seventeen years. In that location, he provided services for analytical air pollutant measurements, systems analyst function, and health and safety roles. Industrial experience was obtained during a four-year period working with the research group in International Nickel Co., Sudbury. Formal education was at UBC (B.Sc.) and Laurentian University (graduate work).

Brent Moore

Pollution Prevention Biologist

Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks

0470 - 152nd Street

Surrey, B.C. V3R 0Y3

Tel. 604 582-5246

FAX 604 584-9751

For many years marine sediments have been recognized as a sink for a large number of contaminants that enter the marine environment. Over the last two decades, it has also been determined that the surface microlayer of marine waters can be an area of contaminant concentration, especially for chemicals such as pesticides, metals and chlorinated hydrocarbons. The surface microlayer, approximately 50 u thick, is the atmospheric interface with the aquatic environment; thus, contaminants from both atmospheric deposition and terrestrial runoff can concentrate in this layer. Toxins in the microlayer can be 100 to 10,000 times higher than in the water column below, and can potentially cause significant impacts to the eggs and/or larvae of marine organisms that utilize the microlayer as 'nurseries'. It has also been shown that tidal action can coat intertidal organisms with the microlayer contaminant concentrations. Monitoring has been conducted previously in areas such as Chesapeake Bay and Puget Sound, with elevated contaminant levels and direct toxicity measurements being recorded. The Ministry has initiated a preliminary sampling program in Burrard Inlet and other Georgia Strait waters to determine whether or not microlayer contamination can potentially impact on marine life here. A locally developed rotating drum sampler has been utilized in the last year to collect a limited number of samples. Contaminant elevations in the microlayer have been measured.

Brent Moore is a water quality biologist with the Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks' Pollution Prevention Program in their Lower Mainland Regional Office. Over the last 25 years, he has conducted water quality studies and undertaken environmental impact assessments related to water quality, aquatic ecology and aquatic toxicology in the Lower Mainland. Some of these assessments have included linkages with the terrestrial and atmospheric components of the receiving environment.

Session A10 Air Quality Issues in B.C.

Tony Wakelin, P.Eng.

Air Emissions Engineer

Air Resources Branch

Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks

Victoria, B.C.

The Air Resources Branch (ARB) of the Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks compiles emission inventories to support national, provincial and local air management initiatives. Provincial inventory estimates for common air contaminants (CACs) are compiled through the co-operative efforts of the

Greater Vancouver Regional District (GVRD), the Ministry, and Environment Canada (EC). The first B.C. only CAC preliminary emission inventory was compiled for 1983, successive reports have built on this effort. For 1995, a complete emission inventory including permitted, area and mobile sources was produced. Much has changed and been learned since the 1983 work. Permit fee estimates are now used as a starting point for determining actual emission releases. Estimation techniques for area and mobile sources have also improved considerably. EC has primarily responsibility for compiling greenhouse gas (GHG) estimates for B.C. EC, the Ministry, and the GVRD have also completed various air toxic emission inventories for the province. The next emission inventory update is planned for the year 2000. For this, the

GVRD plans to inventory all Lower Fraser Valley (LFV) sources for CACs (CO, NOx, SOx, VOC, and Particulates with PM10 and PM2.5 breakdowns) and major greenhouse gases (CO2, CH4 and N2O). For the rest of the province, ARB will be concentrating its efforts on point sources, prescribed burning and

wildfires, and road dust. CACs will be included, as may GHGs. Estimates for the remaining sources (B.C. outside the LFV) will be compiled by EC. With increased emphasis on local air management, there is a need for producing sub-inventories for areas of the province that can be subject to poor air quality, such as populated, industrialized, mountain valleys. To fulfil this, ARB is in the process of making the emission inventory accessible on the Ministry's geographic information system (GIS).

Tony has worked with the Air Resources Branch of the Ministry of Environment, Lands, and Parks for over ten years. His main areas of responsibility are emission inventory development, industrial discharge limit setting, and manual stack sampling policy.

A substantial amount of emission inventory work has been completed under Tony's direction. He is responsible for completing provincial inventory updates for 1990 and 1995 base years. For these updates Tony has:

• served as the first provincial co-chair of the Emissions and Projections Working Group (EPWG) established under the NAICC,
• managed numerous contracts aimed at estimating emission releases,
• authored various emission inventory reports, and
• established the first provincial GIS system for emission inventories.

Tony holds Bachelor and Master Degrees in Engineering and is a Registered Professional Engineer.

2. "A Report on Air Quality in the CRD (1983-1997)"

Warren McCormick

Air Emissions Engineer

B.C. Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks

Nanaimo, B.C.

This report reviews air quality data within the CRD. The data has been obtained primarily from two long term air quality monitoring sites described here as the Victoria Air Quality site (located at 1250 Quadra Street from 1983 to 1997) and the Saturna Island site (from 1992 to 1997). However, this report also considers some short term studies that have been carried out in the CRD during recent years.

For the most part the air quality within the CRD, and specifically the city of Victoria, is considered to be good. Meteorology, lack of restrictive topography, and few industrial operations are some of the major components that work to keep air quality good.

Sulphur dioxide, carbon monoxide, suspended particulate matter (PM₁₀) and precipitation acidity levels have all shown improvements over the study period. Ozone and nitrogen oxides have either remained about the same or have shown a slight increase during this period. Fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) levels have improved over the study period but maximum values are occasionally above the proposed Level B objectives.

Reductions in ambient levels of sulphur dioxide, carbon monoxide, suspended particulate matter and precipitation acidity are considered to be due to reduced oil usage since the introduction of natural gas to Vancouver Island, reduction/relocation of industries from downtown Victoria, and improvements to automotive engines.

1. "Air Quality Management Planning and Municipal Implementation"

Gina Layte

Environmental Coordinator

City of Prince George

505 4^th Avenue

Prince George, B.C.

V2L 3H2

Phone: (250) 614-7824

Fax: (250) 561-7519

Glayte@city.pg.bc.ca

Dissatisfaction with single strategy approaches, the inability to adapt national policies to individual airsheds and their unique characteristics, and recent thinking about environmental management utilizing watershed and ecosystem management approaches have led to a reconsideration and experimentation with more varied and comprehensive air quality strategies. These approaches include targeting both point and non-point sources of pollution, with a range of strategies including land use planning and community education.

The process has been an education one for the members of the Prince George Air Quality Management Committee. The aim of the multi-agency committee was to develop an air quality management plan that would ensure present and future air quality issues would be taken into account by stakeholders and those groups with a vested interest in the Prince George airshed.

For the city of prince George, implementation of the recommendations from the Prince George Air Quality Management Plan ahs been a step by step process that has and continues to involve City Council, City Administration, Departments, and staff and the general public. Lessons learned from this municipality will help other cites, who are initiating an air quality management plan or are drafting bylaws that are aimed to improve the air quality of a local airshed, to look at the many angles involved in such a dynamic process.

BSc Biology from UBC and MSc Environmental Science and Natural Resource Management from UNBC (1999). Thesis titled Air Quality Management Strategies in the Prince George Region.

Environmental Coordinator with the City of Prince George since 1999. Major tasks include air quality management and related issues for the City, drafting the Clean Air Bylaw, stormwater quality management, and water quality and conservation initiatives.

David Gourley P. Eng. and Stephen J. Stewart, Ph.D., P.Eng.

Pacific Vehicle Testing Technologies (TransLink)

The AirCare Vehicle Emission Inspection and Maintenance Program has been in operation in the Lower Fraser Valley of British Columbia since 1992. During this time, over 8 million inspections have been performed on approximately 1.6 million vehicles. The program has been forthright in publishing statistics relevant to its operation and has developed an evaluation methodology for quantifying the emission reductions attributable to the program. Cumulative benefits for the first 8 years of program operation are estimated to represent a 30% reduction in the light-duty vehicle emission inventory from the 1992 baseline. Fleet turnover has been estimated to account for a reduction of a similar magnitude, meaning that vehicle-generated emissions have decreased by more than 50% since 1992. According to the experience of program administrators, key factors for operating a successful inspection and maintenance program include the following:

• a rigorous inspection procedure and stringent standards to correctly identify high-emitting vehicles;
• an effective training and monitoring program for the repair industry to ensure that most high-emitters are restored to normal performance; and
• monitoring and reporting on key program performance indicators on a continuous basis and making adjustments as needed.

The paper will identify areas where emission reductions can be lost such as waivers, program avoidance, ineffective repairs, and test-to-test variability and will identify potential solutions either implemented or considered to mitigate these effects.

David Gourley

- Received Bachelor of Engineering degree (Mechanical) from Carleton University (Ottawa) in 1978.

- Joined Environment Canada in 1979, working at the Vehicle Emission Testing Laboratory in Ottawa as a Quality Assurance Engineer. Later, with the Mobile Sources Division, participated in the development of a National Guideline for In-Use Motor Vehicles. This work included running "Test and Tune" clinics in various Canadian cities to collect data about the in-use fleet. This data was also used in an emissions inventory model called URTEI (Urban Road Transportation Emission Inventory) which was a Canadian contemporary of the first EPA MOBILE model.

- In September, 1984 moved to Transport Canada as Head, Engineering Evaluation. Was responsible for the enforcement of new vehicle emission standards and voluntary fuel consumption guidelines. Managed a test program to ensure that new vehicles complied with federal emission standards. Investigations into non-compliance were conducted with automobile manufacturers and recalls or other corrective actions were made as necessary.

- In 1989, joined CAMI Automotive Inc. in Ingersoll, Ontario as Assistant Manager of the Vehicle Inspection Department. CAMI is a joint venture company owned equally by General Motors and Suzuki. Duties in this position included monitoring the quality control of finished vehicles, emission testing of vehicles for quality auditing purposes and submission of emission data to the California Air Resources Board for vehicles intended for sale in California. Was exposed to all aspects of vehicle manufacturing, from stamping, welding and paint to final assembly.

- In February 1992, joined British Columbia's AirCare program as Manager, Emissions Testing and Standards. Responsible for advising government on standards and test procedures for a 1,000,000 vehicle-per-year inspection and maintenance program for the Vancouver urban region. Also supervises a small staff of technical experts who provide support to the repair industry and operate a CVS test facility that is utilized to obtain mass emissions data from randomly-selected vehicles before and after repair. The facility is also used to provide data to the alternative fuel industry, investigate complaints against inspection and/or repair facilities, provide information to emission inventory modellers and various other uses.

- Registered Professional Engineer in Ontario since 1981 and British Columbia since August, 1992. Member, Society of Automotive Engineers since 1979.

Session A11 Particulate Matter Monitoring

Joseph K. Vaughan, Candis Caliborn, Dennis Finn

Presenter:

Joseph K. Vaughan, Ph.D.

Sloan 101

Dept. Civil & Env. Eng.

Washington State University

Pullman WA, 99164-2910

Around April 17, 1998, there was detected throughout much of the Northwest US an extreme aerosol event that was widely attributed to an influx of Asian-sourced dust, known as 'Kosa'. Radiometric observations in Pullman, WA and atmospheric particulate sampling in Spokane, WA were used to study this event. Aerosol Optical Thickness t 500 nm attained a maximum of > 0.4 as compared to background values of ~0.2, at 500 nm, corresponding to PM₁₀ mass concentrations of ~ 80 ug/m³. Elemental analysis of samples from Spokane for aerosol events over several years permitted testing of the hypothesis that the April '98 event was predominantly Kosa, and significantly different from other more common regional and local types of aerosol events.

Joseph Vaughan became involved in modeling as a contractor working on the ROM and RADM projects from 1985 through 1991, where he also participated in early discussions on Models-3. In 1991 he took a job at the Institute of Atmospheric Physics at University of Arizona, working with Prof. Robert Dickinson in global climate modeling. He began his doctoral program at Washington State University in 1993.

During his studies at WSU, Dr. Vaughan operated radiometers and sun-photometers in three NASA field campaigns (SCAR-C, SCAR-B, and TARFOX) and served as a site manager for an isoprene-flux measurement tower in a poplar plantation.

He conducted his doctoral research at WSU collecting radiometric data and analyzing satellite imagery, as a collaborator in the Columbia Plateau PM-10 Program. Since successfully defending his dissertation in April, 2000, he has been working in the AirPact project (an EPA EMPACT project) to create a real-time air quality forecast system for the Puget Sound area, utilizing University of Washington MM5 forecasts and the CALMET/CALGRID modeling system.

Michael B. Meyer

Rupprecht & Patashnick Co., Inc.

25 Corporate Circle

Albany, NY 12203 USA

phone 518/452-0065

fax 518/452-0067

e-mail mbmeyer@rpco.com

The worldwide concern over adverse health effects from fine particles has sparked an interest in instrumentation that can provide continuous information on particulate matter (PM) fine mass concentration and certain key chemical components contained therein (e.g., particulate nitrate, sulfate, organic carbon, elemental carbon, metals, etc.). Regulatory agencies and research programs both have a common need for high time resolution targeted PM fine mass data that can be used for public awareness, health research and regulatory planning.

Rupprecht & Patashnick Company (R&P) has introduced a suite of new monitoring tools to provide direct measurement of PM-2.5, particulate nitrate, particulate sulfate and particulate carbon. The Series 1400a TEOM® PM-2.5 Monitor measures near real-time PM mass concentration using a new sharp-cut cyclone inlet, optional sample equilibration system, and "AB" technology for enhanced short-term measurement stability. The Series 5400 Ambient Carbon Particulate Monitor provides the measurement of organic and elemental carbon using an automatic thermal-CO2 method. The Series 8400N Ambient Particulate Nitrate Monitor determines the mass concentration of particulate nitrate contained in PM-2.5 every ten minutes using the flash vaporization technique developed by Aerosol Dynamics. Its sister instrument, the Series 8400S Ambient Particulate Sulfate Monitor, provides particulate sulfate data. A brief overview of the theory of operation and physical configuration for each monitor is discussed. Field data and applications will be presented.

Mike Meyer has worked for over 20 years in the areas of atmospheric and aerosol physics research. He spent 12 years at the Atmospheric Sciences Research Center (A.S.R.C.) of the State University of New York at Albany as a research associate in the cloud and aerosol physics section. He is currently a senior scientist and environmental instrumentation manager for Rupprecht & Patashnick Company of Albany, New York USA. He holds undergraduate and graduate degrees in Atmospheric Sciences from the State University of New York at Albany.

Bill Taylor, Environment Canada

Natalie Suzuki, BC Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks

Presenter: Bill Taylor

All available particulate matter (PM) data to the end of 1999 in British Columbia were analyzed for spatial patterns and temporal variation on various time scales. We found that PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 concentrations are highest in the interior of the province and lowest in coastal areas. The relatively short monitoring history at most sites precludes a robust trend analysis, however, PM₁₀ levels appear to be decreasing at a number of sites in the province. Analysis of monthly PM₁₀ data shows two predominant patterns. In the Lower Fraser Valley, the highest concentrations are observed during late summer while the lowest are found between November and March. At interior sites, the highest concentrations are typically observed in the late winter/early spring and the lowest in December/January. Data from PM_2.5 sites consistently indicate that the highest concentrations occur during the fall. The Lower Fraser Valley sites also experience higher concentrations of PM_2.5 during the summer months. Lowest concentrations typically occur during winter. Mean mid-week PM₁₀ concentrations are 30% higher than those on Sundays, when the lowest concentrations are typically observed. Weekday to weekend differences in excess of 50% are observed at sites in the central interior suggesting industrial/commercial activities as significant sources of PM₁₀. Relatively little day-to-day variations were observed for PM_2.5 suggesting the predominant role of transportation and residential heating as sources of PM_2.5.

Session B1 Mitigation Strategies

Session Chair: Brian Doyle, Doyle Engineering Inc., Newberg, OR

Ali Ergudenler and John Newhook

Presenter: John Newhook

Air Quality Department

Greater Vancouver Regional District

4330 Kingsway

Burnaby, British Columbia

V5H 4G8

Ph: (604)-436-6700

Fax: (604)-436-6707

Greenhouse gas (GHG) management has become both a national and an international priority. In December of 1997, 160 nations, including Canada, agreed to establish binding limits for greenhouse gas emissions through Kyoto Protocol. Greenhouse gas management has also become an important issue for the British Columbia government, and the Greater Vancouver Regional District (GVRD) and its member municipalities. Delivery of regional services by the GVRD requires the operation and maintenance of infrastructure which consume significant energy resources and involve disposal of large quantities of municipal waste.

This study presents the 1997 GVRD corporate greenhouse gas inventory for the three predominant GHGs (carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide) originating primarily from the management of regional solid and liquid wastes. Additionally, emission estimates from the 1997 inventory have been used to prepare an emission inventory backcast to 1990 and a forecast to 2010. Total GHG emissions from the GVRD corporate operations, in 1997, were approximately 333,000 tonnes of CO2 equivalent, which was comprised of approximately 73% CO2, 26% CH4 and less than 1% N2O. Disposal of regional solid waste accounted for the major portion (84%) of total 1997 GHG emissions. The results of the backcast to 1990 indicate that total GHG emissions from the GVRD corporate emissions remained unchanged between 1990 and 1997. The forecast results, however, indicate that total GHG emissions originating from the GVRD corporate operations may rise to approximately 424,000 tonnes of CO2 equivalent by the year 2010.

A management plan for GVRD corporate GHG emissions is being prepared. Emission reduction measures that have been implemented and/or are being evaluated include employee trip reduction program, purchase of alternate fuel vehicles, energy efficiency improvements, utilization of landfill gas, and power generation at the incinerator.

• Born in St. John’s, Newfoundland, Canada
• Bachelor’s Degree in Chemical Engineering from McGill University
• Master’s Degree in Engineering Science (Environmental) from the University of Western Ontario

Has worked for:

• Union Carbide Canada Ltd. in Montreal
• H.A. Simons and Sandwell in Vancouver, designing effluent treatment facilities for the Pulp and Paper Industry
• Environment Canada, enforcing pollution control provisions of the Canada Fisheries Act, and
• Since 1992 with the Greater Vancouver Regional District (GVRD) in their Air Quality Department, currently focusing on air quality management planning emissions and emission reduction measures from the mobile sector in the Lower Fraser Valley area of British Columbia.

Ali Ergudenler1, Ken Carrusca2, Mike Stringer2 and Chantal Babensee3

Air Quality Department1

Policy and Planning Department2

Engineering and Construction Department3

Presenter: Ali Ergudenler

Greater Vancouver Regional District

4330 Kingsway

Burnaby, British Columbia

V5H 4G8

Ph: (604)-436-6700

Fax: (604)-436-6707

Ali.Ergudenler@gvrd.bc.ca

Greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) originating from municipal solid waste (MSW) disposal sites account for approximately 3% of total greenhouse gas emissions in Canada. At the municipal (corporate) level, these emissions could be as high as 80-90% of total GHG emissions. After signing the Kyoto Protocol in December 1997, Climate Change issue has become a national priority in Canada, and many local governments participating in the Partners for Climate Protection program are now in the process of preparing and implementing local climate action plans. Management of greenhouse gas emissions originating from municipal solid waste has been the main focus of such activities.

The objectives of this study are to identify emission reduction options, and where possible, to assess their greenhouse gas reduction potentials for various municipal solid waste management practices.

Source reduction practices, such as reduce, recycle and re-use, have proven to be effective in reducing the greenhouse gas emissions, both at the landfills and the industrial facilities that are involved in the supply and production of relevant material. However, no matter how effective those practices are, a significant portion of organic material that is responsible for methane generation is still disposed of at landfills. In this study, the greenhouse gas emission reduction potential of dry and wet landfills was investigated for various gas collection efficiencies. Also, the GHG impacts of a number of energy utilization options, including electric power and steam generation, were assessed both for landfills and incineration. Lifecycle GHG analyses were also conducted for both aerobic and anaerobic landfill options. Study results indicate that effective energy utilization options at MSW disposal sites offer a tremendous greenhouse gas reduction and/or offset potential.

Ali joined the Air Quality Department of the Greater Vancouver Regional District, in 1998, as a Senior Project Engineer. Over the past 2 years he has been involved in key air quality planning, greenhouse gas management, and emission inventory projects at the GVRD, including number of greenhouse gas inventory and planning initiatives. Ali also participates in the Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction Trading (GERT) pilot activities at the Technical Committee level.

Robert Reuter

Washington State Department of Ecology

3190 160th Ave SE

Bellevue, WA 98008-5452

Phone (425) 649-7086

Fax (425) 649-7098

and

Jack Brautigam

Seattle City Light

Phone (206) 684-3954

Sustainable business practices promoted by Climate Wise include resource conservation and waste reduction. The key message of Climate Wise is making environmental performance a corporate (or community) asset. For twenty years, Seattle City Light has assisted business to become more energy efficient. In the last three years, we have expanded our collaborative efforts to include integration of waste reduction, water conservation and other environmental services. Climate Wise facilitates working proactively with the industrial and business community based on this comprehensive and collaborative approach.

Climate Wise is administered nationally by the Environmental Protection Agency and managed regionally by Seattle City Light. Climate Wise recognizes voluntary commitments by industry and government to develop Climate Wise Action Plans, and reduce energy waste and greenhouse emissions. Seattle's Climate Wise Program is supported by a grant from the International Council for Local Environmental Initiatives (ICLEI).

Seattle City Light acts as a service gateway provides direct service to Seattle businesses and serves as account manager for Climate Wise businesses throughout the region with 38 current partners in Washington State. We collaborate with local and regional program allies, including the Washington Department of Ecology, Puget Sound Energy, and Puget Sound Clean Air Agency.

Mr. Reuter is a professional Toxic Reduction Engineer at the Northwest Regional Office for the Washington State Department of Ecology. He has almost 10 years of experience in performing on-site technical assistance/cost analysis visits to industry. He has conducted these process audits for federal facilities, aerospace manufacturers, electroplating companies, printed circuit board manufacturers, electronics companies, metal fabricators, paint formulators, boat/ship builders and maintenance facilities, wood treatment facilities and a variety of other industries.

Mr. Reuter has been the state-wide technical expert in environmental accounting for Ecology. He has provided numerous training sessions on process mapping and cost analysis to industrial facilities, trade groups and regulatory agency representatives. Prior to joining Ecology, Mr. Reuter worked for 4 years as a consulting engineer for a national firm.

Master of Business Administration, Financial Management, City University, Seattle, WA; June 1993

Bachelor of Science, Geological Engineering, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho; May 1986.

Bachelor of Science, Geology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon; June 1986.

Associate of Arts, Science, Central Oregon Community College; Bend, Oregon; June 1983

Linda Bily

Environmental Protection Branch

Technology Early Action Measures (TEAM)

Environment Canada

224 West Esplanade

North Vancouver, BC

V7M 3H7

Phone: (604) 666-2732

Fax: (604) 666-2732

Linda.Bily@ec.gc.ca

Cement manufacturing accounts for 7.5 % of the world’s total carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions. CO₂ emissions are intrinsic to the process of cement-making and cannot be reduced by the traditional methods of energy conservation or fuel-switching. The solutions must take a more innovative approach based on pollution prevention principles.

CANMET, a division of Natural Resources Canada has developed a concrete mix, commonly refereed to as high volume flyash concrete (HVFC), using roughly 60 percent flyash and 40 percent cement. Flyash is a by-product of coal-fired power plants. Canada and the US produce a huge quantity of flyash annually with the majority going to landfill.

The Greater Vancouver Regional District (GVRD) has commenced an initiative to adopt and actively promote HVFC as a positive step toward reducing CO₂ emissions as well as other associated air contaminants. The Liu Centre for Global Studies at the University of British Columbia was the first project to use HVFC in the province and reports its use has resulted in 1/3 less CO₂ emissions. This initiative was applauded by Environment Minister, The Honorable David Anderson, as "the kind of innovative planning and action that is going to make a difference".

The federal government’s Technology Early Action Measures (TEAM) Climate Change Action Fund (CCAF) is supporting GVRD’s efforts. This TEAM project involves the demonstration of HVFC in several concrete structures and a communications/outreach program on the deployment of this technology. The main objective of this project is to remove obstacles and barriers that prevent full utilization of this technology in order to realize early action greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reductions both locally and nationally.

Linda Bily received her Bachelors of Science degree in Civil Engineering from the University of Calgary in 1988 and her Masters degree in Environmental Engineering from the University of British Columbia in 1995. Linda started her engineering career working in the oil industry as a design and construction engineer and as a production engineer. Later she worked as an environmental protection officer for the BC Ministry of Environment. Linda is currently employed with the Commercial Chemicals Division of the Environmental Protection Branch of Environment Canada. She is the lead federal agent for the High Volume Supplementary Cementing Materials (HVSCM)Climate Change Action Fund (CCAF) project, and is also responsible for the compliance promotion of various federal regulations dealing with ozone depleting substances and with diesel and gasoline fuels. She also contributes to various issues relating to the greening of regional government operations. Linda is also currently a member of the Sustainability Committee at the Association of Professional Engineers and Geoscientists of BC (APEGBC).

Session B2 Alternative Energy

Session Chair: Dr. Jim McTaggart-Cowan, Royal Roads University, Victoria

Patrick Mazza

Staff Writer & Researcher

Climate Solutions

Olympia, Washington

A clean energy revolution is breaking out. Solar energy, the world's second fastest growing energy source, is positioned to reach mass scale in coming years. Wind power, at number one, is posting growth rates in the same stratosphere as internet and cell phone companies. Fuel cells, moving to commercialization faster than expected, will be widespread in cars and buildings by the end of the decade.

This clean energy revolution is coming just in time. It holds the opportunity to rapidly phase out fossil fuels, by far the major source of human greenhouse gas emissions that are already warming the climate. The recent spate of record hot years has spurred the heads of the top climate monitoring organizations in the United States and Britain to break with any past scientific reticence and clearly state that human activities are warming the globe.

Patrick Mazza is a staff writer/researcher with Climate Solutions, an Olympia Washington-based group working toward making the Northwest a Leader in global warming solutions. Mr. Mazza has been writing on sustainability issues for over twenty years.

George Pinch

Energy Management Engineer

BC Hydro and Power Authority

Vancouver, BC

Heat pumps are refrigeration machines that take heat from one place and deliver it to another at a higher temperature. The kitchen refrigerator is the most ubiquitous example of a heat pump; air-conditioning, water coolers, pop machines, freezers and all the cooling devices that contribute to our high standard of living are other examples of heat pumps. What happens to the heat that is removed from the refrigerator, freezer, etc.? Typically, it is discharged into the atmosphere surrounding the appliance, but sometimes, in commercial applications, it is discharged into water.

The heat pump as we know it is simply a refrigeration machine that is connected into a system in such a way that the heat discharged by the refrigeration machine is deliberately put to use for heating purposes, rather than being considered a waste product to be disposed of. The heat output consists of the energy put into the refrigerant vapor by the compressor plus the energy extracted from the heat source.

The two types of heat pumps commonly in use today for space and domestic water heating are the air source and "geothermal" source heat pumps. Geothermal includes surface water, well water or the earth itself.

The output of a standard heat pump is highly dependent on the temperature of a heat source. As the source gets colder, the heat output declines. Geothermal heat sources are invariably warmer than the air during the coldest weather. The Pacific Ocean never freezes, large lakes never freeze to the bottom, and the frost line even up by the BC-Yukon border only goes down about 7 feet. Thus, in freezing weather, a geothermal heat pump has more heat available to it than an air source heat pump has and therefore can deliver more. If the backup coil can be eliminated, the homeowner and the utility both benefit. Add the environmental benefits and it's a win-win-win situation.

As an exercise, Vancouver Island and the adjacent Gulf Islands will be used as a theoretical case study for geothermal heat pumps. This area has a growing population and therefore a steady load growth. The Island has six hydro-electric plants which last fiscal year produced 2.03 megawatt-hours of electricity. Single family and duplex residential accounts consumed just over 3 million MWh. electric energy to provide the 1 million MWh shortfall, all the multi-family housing usage (which is significant), all commercial and industrial usage had to be imported from the Mainland, that is, from the Interior of the province. Some of the undersea cables are deteriorating and an eventual failure is inevitable. If something isn't done, the Island faces an energy imposed negative growth rate in a few years.

Can geothermal heating in all houses currently heated with electric resistance heating offset the need for the new 250 megawatt gas fired thermal plant being planned for the Island, and if so, how much CO2 would not be produced?

George Pinch received his Bachelor of Engineering degree (Mechanical) from the University of Saskatchewan in 1958. After transfers to Winnipeg, Regina and back to Vancouver, and a couple of job changes, he was able to switch from sales to a position that involved more engineering when he joined BC Hydro in 1979. Since that time, Mr. Pinch has been involved in energy conservation, although the name of the conservation group has metamorphosed from conservation to Power Smart. In the 1980's, he became a builder trainer in the R2000 energy efficient housing program. His experiences with this program led him to concentrate on residential energy issues, from construction and building codes to heating systems and indoor air quality.

Mr. Pinch has served on committees formed to convince the writers of the BC Building Code that minimum insulation levels for houses should be stipulated in the Code; on the committee that developed the British Columbia module in the Model National Energy Code for Housing, and assisted the City of Vancouver with the drafting of the residential component of the City's Energy Utilization Bylaw.

Mr. Pinch is a Life Member of ASHRAE (American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers) and a Past President of the BC Chapter. He is Chairman of the Greater Vancouver Home Builders Association Technical and Education Committee and recipient (twice) of the GVHBA Technical Excellence award. He is also a member of the Heating, Ventilating and Cooling Industry Association of BC and of the Residential Hot Water Heating Assoc. of BC.

David B. Levin, Ph.D.

Associate Professor

Department of Biology

Centre for Environmental Health (CEH) and

Institute for Integrated Energy Systems (IESVic)

University of Victoria,

Victoria, BC

Hydrogen (H2) is a clean, renewable energy form. It can be converted to electricity with high efficiency either by direct combustion or through its use in fuel cells. Solid wastes are bio-chemically heterogeneous substrates that are, in nature, slowly metabolized by a complex community of microorganisms, which convert the organic matter, ultimately, to carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4), which are green house gases that contribute to global warming. Alternatively, organic matter can be gasified thermally to produce a fairly homogeneous mixture of gases comprised, primarily, of carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen (H2), which can be used as a carbon source by certain species of anaerobic bacteria. The CO-oxidation pathway of these bacteria results in the synthesis of H2 that can be captured and used in fuel cells to generate electricity. Biotechnology offers tremendous potential for technological innovations that can address both waste management and energy issues.

Dr. David B. Levin is an Associate Professor in the Department of Biology at the University of Victoria (UVic). He is molecular virologist, an entomologist, and a specialist in biotechnology and its application to biological control of insects. He holds a bachelors in Environmental Studies from the University of Waterloo (1977), a Masters of Science (Entomology) from the University of Guelph (1979), and a Ph.D. in Molecular Genetics from McGill University (1987). He was an NSERC-Industrial Chair in Biotechnology (1991-1996) and Deputy Director of the Centre for Environmental Health at the University of Victoria.

Dr. Levin’s research interests are focused on the molecular biology of nucleopolyhedroviruses (Baculoviridae), which are large double-stranded DNA viruses that are specific to arthropods and are under development as biological control agents of insect pests. He has an active interest in forensic DNA analysis and is currently the only person in Canada conducting forensic mitochondrial DNA analysis. He is also a member of the Institute for Integrated Energy Systems (IESVic) and is collaborating with IESVic engineers to develop biological sources of hydrogen gas for use in hydrogen fuel cells using biotechnology.

Dr. Levin teaches both undergraduate and graduate courses in genetics, molecular biology, and biotechnology at UVic and has been a pioneer in the use of computer animation as a teaching tool in his courses.

Session Chair: Bob Caton, Alchemy Consulting Inc., Vancouver

Jay Barclay

Senior Advisor

Global Air Issues Branch

Environment Canada, Ottawa

Tel (819) 997-2141

Dr. Robert Caton, Ph.D., QEP

President, Alchemy Consulting Inc., Vancouver

Senior Advisor, Global Air Issues Branch

Environment Canada, Ottawa

Dean Stinson-O’Gorman

Senior Economist, Environmental

Economics Branch

Environment Canada, Ottawa

The Government of Canada’s National Climate Change Process established an Analysis and Modelling Group (AMG) to support the development of an Action Plan to address Canada’s commitment to implementing the Kyoto Protocol. A base case forecast of future emissions of criteria air contaminants (CACs) was developed, along with estimates of how these emissions would change as a result of measures to reduce GHG emissions. The EHI Subgroup also estimated the monetary value of the net environmental co-benefits and carried out a qualitative assessment of non-quantified impacts. The monetization of the co-benefits was based on willingness-to-pay economic principles as embodied in the Air Quality Valuation Model (AQVM). AQVM is the principal tool used by the Government of Canada to evaluate the socio-economic benefits of its air emissions reduction programs. The presentation summarizes the methodology and results of the EHI Subgroup’s analysis.

Biographies:

Mr. Barclay is a resource economist with an undergraduate degree from Simon Fraser University in British Columbia. He has a long history of economic and policy analysis experience in resource economics and the energy and environment field within the Canadian government, including Environment Canada, Natural Resources Canada and Fisheries and Oceans. His current position is with the Global Air Issues Branch at Environment Canada as a senior policy advisor. In this position, he analyses and advises on climate change and air quality issues, and participates in efforts to develop actions to reduce greenhouse gas and related air emissions and to examine the economic, social, health and environmental implications of these actions. He is the coordinator of a national group involving governments and stakeholders, responsible for estimating the co-benefits of actions to reduce GHG emissions.

Session B4 Emissions Trading

1. "The Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction Trading (GERT) Pilot Project"

Warren Bell

GERT Pilot Manager

Phone: 1-250-387-4773

.

Most enlightened industries recognize the inevitability of a carbon constrained future and have begun to develop and implement GHG management strategies. No matter what policies governments pursue to implement a carbon constrained future, it is inevitable that domestic emission trading will be incorporated so as to reduce the social costs of meeting emission reduction targets. Many companies have already included the purchase and sale of GHG emission reductions or offsets in their GHG management strategies.

The presentation will cover the following:

This presentation offers an unique opportunity for attendees to learn about GHG trading because it will address the GERT Pilot project, which is currently reviewing and registering actual traded projects and emission reductions from those projects. The Pilot is a Canadian collaborative of industry, government and non-government organizations. Participation in trades is open to US-based companies. The Pilot is reviewing offers to sell as well as traded projects.

This presentation will be made by Warren Bell, the GERT Pilot Manager, or in his absence, Deborah Bisson, the GERT Coordinator.

1. "Making the Most of Greenhouse Gas Emission Reductions"

   Paul Wilson

   Fasken Martineau DuMoulin LLP

   Barristers & Solicitors

   2100 - 1075 West Georgia Street

   Vancouver, BC Canada V6E 3G2

   Direct Line: (604) 631-4748

   Facsimile: (604) 632-4748

   pwilson@van.fasken.com

   With no clear policy on emissions trading in either Canada or the United States, and the uncertainties surrounding the Kyoto Protocol, many businesses are finding it difficult to decide on how to best position themselves for a carbon constrained future. How will emissions be regulated? Will permits be required or will I have to reduce emissions below a baseline? Will taking action now help or hurt me in the future? Should I be reducing emissions or looking to preserve my current emissions with offsets elsewhere? Who will be regulated: producers, importers, suppliers, users? An examination of these issues and others provides valuable assistance to businesses in assessing the risk of a carbon constrained future.

   We also examine the business issues of emissions trading. This nascent market presents real business opportunities coupled with costly pitfalls. Without a legal framework for the market, issues which can often be ignored in other contexts, must be addressed. Establishing clear ownership, verifying the emission reductions and security against delivery are some of these issues. A clear understanding of these issues, and the various factors affecting the value of emission reductions, is critical.

   Biography:

   B.A., The University of British Columbia, 1979 LL.B., The University of British Columbia, 1982

   Admitted to the British Columbia Bar, 1983

   Paul is a Co-Chair of the Fasken Martineau DuMoulin LLP Environmental Law Practice. In 1986 Paul was seconded to the Legal Department of the Bank of British Columbia to work as in-house counsel. Since returning to the firm, Paul’s practice has concentrated on the areas of environmental, municipal and land use issues.

   Paul has assisted clients with respect to a wide range of environmental problems encountered in the course of business dealings. These range from transactions concerning contaminated or potentially contaminated properties to assisting industry in conforming with British Columbia’s and Canada’s environmental laws and regulations. Paul also frequently advises companies and their boards on environmental management and due diligence requirements in relation to transactions and operations. Paul’s knowledge of the Waste Management Act and the Canadian Environmental Protection Act and associated regulations enables him to assist clients in dealing with all environmental concerns. Paul also has experience in assisting industry with regard to environmental assessment of new projects under the federal and provincial legislation dealings with the B.C. Forest Practices Code.

   Paul has also assisted major natural resource companies in complying with environmental permits and requirements including logging, pulp and paper, independent power projects, gas pipeline and mining and reclamation activities and in handling environmental considerations in transactions related to resource industry plants or facilities and has as counsel in mediations of disputes involving environmental assessments, contamination, waste management, land use planning and resource use issues.

2. "Greenhouse Gas Trading: Present and Future"

Garth Edward

Principle, Energy and Environmental Desks

Natsource

New York, NY

• Market reality: what has traded, what volume, what price, what vintage
• Why GHG trades take place in 2000: exposure and opportunity
• What exactly is an efficient GHG risk management tool?
• Asset optimization and the GHG market: fuels, power and emissions
• GHG is more than trading: equity performance, project finance, insurance

Garth Edward is a Principal of the Natsource Energy and Environmental Markets desks. In leading global greenhouse gas market operations Mr. Edward has brokered some of the earliest GHG transactions, including the first trans-atlantic and trans-pacific trades. In the developing global GHG market place, Mr. Edward works with major energy and financial clients to create transaction structures that capture maximum opportunity at minimum risk. Prior to joining Natsource, Mr. Edward spent six years in the United Nations, focusing on multilateral agreements, including the Framework Convention on Climate Change. Mr. Edward received a Masters in Economics from Cambridge University, UK, and an MA in Chinese from Oxford University, UK.

Session B5 Climate Change Modelling

Session Chair: Fred Herst, Canadian Institute for Climate Studies

1. "Climate Models Today"

   Francis Zwiers

   Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling & Analysis

   University of Victoria, B.C.

   In this talk I will review some of the observational evidence of climatic change, briefly describe climate models and ability to simulate historical climate change, and discuss projections of future climate made with the Canadian coupled global climate model.

   Biography:

   Francis Zwiers obtained his Ph.D. in Mathematics from Dalhousie University in 1980. His most recent appointments include: Adjunct Professor, School of Earth and Ocean Sciences, University of Victoria and Acting Chief, Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis, Climate Research Branch, Atmospheric Environment Service. Dr. Zwiers is also a Mathematics professor at the University of Victoria.

    

2. "Climate Change Scenarios"

   Elaine Barrow

   Canadian Institute for Climate Studies

   Victoria, B.C.

3. "Modelling Impacts of Climate Change on Forest and Forestry Using Climate Scenarios"

David T Price and Mike D Flannigan

Canadian Forest Service

5320-122 Street

Edmonton, Alberta, T6H 3S5,

Canada

This paper focuses on the use of climate scenarios for simulating possible impacts of change on forest ecosystems in Europe. Forests and other extensively managed ecosystems are relatively complex, with many dynamic and interacting relationships among natural and human influences. Recognizing that there are many difficulties in capturing all these complexities, ecosystem researchers have developed a wide range of forest process models to assess the effects of environmental change. The main classes of these models are reviewed, highlighting their strengths, limitations and data needs.

Experienced impacts modellers generally recognize that there are fundamental limitations in climate data and global climate model (GCM) simulations, although undoubtedly as a group we could be better informed. On the other hand, there are many serious problems in the ecological models that need to be addressed. Hence we argue that imperfect climate data, poor agreement between GCMs and observations, and inadequate downscaling of output, will not prevent us from making progress in understanding responses to plausible changes in climate.

Some of the possible approaches to building climate scenarios are reviewed. Spatial data sets are in demand though not essential for all modelling applications. In general, simple methods of downscaling are preferred, if only because no method is perfect and none seem to be clearly superior. Climatic variability is an important concern, both spatially and in the expectation of uncertain changes in the future. Two key areas are identified: frequency and intensity of Atlantic storms, and the occurrence of hot dry spells causing severe droughts and increased risk of forest fires. Limitations in downscaling approaches notwithstanding, higher resolution data sets provide a number of advantages, not least in mountainous terrain where orography has important effects on the climate of natural ecosystems. Small-scale variations in soil, hydrology and elevation are factors that interact strongly with climatic variables, greatly increasing the range of conditions occurring within a GCM grid cell. Hence even a poor representation of the true spatial variability in climate is still likely to increase the sampling of environmental variability within realistic ranges.

Session Chair: Bill Taylor, Climatologist, Environment Canada

1. "Adapting to Climate Change in the Pacific Northwest"

   Philip Mote, Ph.D.

   JISAO/SMA Climate Impacts Group

   Box 354235, Univ. of Wash. Seattle WA 98195

   phone (206) 616-5346 fax (206) 616-5775

   Considerable political and scientific attention has been addressed to the problem of mitigating anthropogenic climate change, that is, reducing the rate at which climate change will occur by attempting to reduce net greenhouse gas emissions. However, most scientists agree that the magnitude of emissions reductions being discussed will make little difference in the rate of climate change in the next half-century or so. During that time, it is quite likely that climate change will become obvious and that its effects will be easily detected in the natural resources upon which much human activity and many ecosystems depend. These changes will bring both difficulties and opportunities, and the best way to minimize the difficulties and maximize the opportunities will be to prepare for a changing climate. Are such preparations are taking place?

   Analysis at the University of Washington's Climate Impacts Group focuses both on past climate and on future climate. By examining the influence of past climate variations on the region's natural resources, and the reactions of human institutions, our analysis reveals some telling clues about how the Northwest's institutions will cope with a changing climate. This presentation will focus on the adaptability of the region's water resources, both for irrigation water supply (Columbia River basin) and municipal and industrial water supply (City of Seattle).

   Biography:

   Dr Philip Mote is a research scientist at the University of Washington, in the Climate Impacts Group (CIG). He has a BA in physics from Harvard (1987) and a PhD in atmospheric sciences from the University of Washington (1994). Between college and graduate school, Dr. Mote taught math and physics at Monte Vista Christian School in Watsonville, Calif. After completing his PhD, he was a Visiting Fellow in the Department of Meteorology at the University of Edinburgh in Scotland for 2 years. He joined CIG in 1998 and was lead author of a 110-page report "Impacts of Climate Variability and Change: Pacific Northwest" in 1999. He has written more than 20 scientific articles and also edited a book on climate modeling, published in May 2000 by Kluwer Academic Press.

2. "Climate Related Effects on Pacific Salmon Populations"

   Dr. Don Noakes, P.Eng.

   Pacific Biological Station

   Nanaimo, BC. V9R 5K6

   Tel: 250-756-7040

   FAX: 250-756-7141

   noakesd@pac.dfo-mpo.gc.ca

   Large fluctuations in Pacific salmon production in this century have been linked to trends in climate in the Pacific that are in turn associated with climate trends throughout the Northern Hemisphere. Shifts in Pacific salmon abundance in this century were also synchronous with large fluctuations in Japanese sardine abundance that can be traced back to the early 1600s. The synchrony in these shifts suggests that Pacific salmon abundance may have fluctuated for centuries in response to trends in climate. More recently, shifts in climate in 1977 and 1989 resulted in significant changes in production for a number of marine fish species including Pacific salmon. These climate-related changes combined with local over-fishing and the loss of freshwater habitat have left some salmon stocks at very low levels. An example of a climate-related change is the significant decrease in marine survival of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) in the Strait of Georgia, Puget Sound, and off the coast of California to Washington after 1989. This large-scale, synchronous change indicates that trends in coho marine survivals were linked over the southern area of their distribution in the northeast Pacific. Indicators of large-scale climate change, (the Aleutian Low Pressure Index) and of recent regional climate change, (the April flows from the Fraser River) also changed abruptly about the same time. The synchrony of trends in marine survival of aggregates of coho stocks from three distinct marine areas and trends in climate indices indicates that climate-ocean changes can have profound effects. The close correspondence in the persistence of climate trends and the synchrony of the changes is evidence that a common event may cause these regime shifts. The regime concept is important in fisheries management because the natural shifts in abundance may be large and sudden, requiring that these natural changes be distinguished from fishing effects.

    

    

   Biography:

   Dr. Don Noakes is the Director of the Pacific Biological Station and Head of the Aquaculture Science Division. Dr. Noakes graduated from the University of Waterloo with a Ph.D. in Systems Design Engineering and began his career with Fisheries and Oceans Canada in 1985. Dr. Noakes has experience in a number of areas within the Fisheries and Ocean's science organization and has conducted and published research dealing with climate change, water resources and environmental science, fish health and aquaculture, and salmon, herring, and shellfish population dynamics. Dr. Noakes is the Canadian Scientific Advisory to the International Pacific Halibut Commission and Canadian Scientific Advisor to the North Pacific Anadromous Fish Commission, the body that examines high seas salmon issues in the North Pacific. Dr. Noakes is on the Board of Directors of the Mid-Island Science and Technology Innovation Council (MISTIC) based on Vancouver Island. Dr. Noakes is also an active member of the Canadian Society of Civil Engineering (CSCE) and is the Technical Program Chair for their annual conference that will be held May 2001 in Victoria, BC.

3. "Forest Disturbance in a Changing Climate"

   Ross Benton

   Canadian Forest Service

   Victoria, BC

   V8Z 1M5

   rbenton@pcf.forestry.ca

   Fire, insects, weather, and direct human activity are the main vectors of change in Canada's forests; all are natural forms of forest renewal. Fire hazard and insect population dynamics are driven largely by weather and climate related factors such as temperature, rainfall, and wind. Extreme weather events such as ice storms, late snowfalls or frosts, and intense wind storms also significantly impact the forest ecosystem. The changes in climate as depicted by the current Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis Canadian Regional Climate Model (CRCM) when applied to our existing models indicate changes in the intensity, frequency, and extent of these natural disturbance vectors. Individually, fire, pests, and weather pose significant forest management issues. In combination and with added issues of land management for other than forestry values, the difficulty in preparing for climatic change multiplies. Compared to recent history, the future scenario climates will result in significantly longer fire seasons with a much higher seasonal severity rating (SSR) in most of western Canada. Predictions of more intense and frequent storms with lightning provide increased sources of ignition for fires. The future scenarios also depict a reduction in many of the limiting factors currently holding back the spread of damaging pests such as Mountain Pine Beetle. Warmer winters and longer drier summers provide better conditions for over-wintering pests and reduce the ability of the trees to fend off insect attack. This analysis looks at some of the amplification of natural stresses on the forest ecosystem imposed with climate change.

   Biography:

   Ross Benton is a forest climatologist with the Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada. His work with the CFS investigates the impacts of forestry practices on forest microclimate on the landscape level and the impacts of climate change on forests in mountainous terrain on a variety of scales. Past involvement in climate change impacts work includes delivery of the forest sector component of the Mackenzie Basin Climate Change Impacts Study.

4. "Ecosystem Sensitivity to Climate Change"

Richard Hebda

Biology and School of Earth and Ocean Sciences

University of Victoria, PO

Box 1700, Victoria, B.C., V8W 2Y2

The composition and structure of ecosystems is directly shaped by climate and a change in regional climate of sufficient magnitude will result in ecosystem change. Pollen and paleoecological studies of vegetation and climate of British Columbia of the past 13,000 years demonstrate that ecosystems have undergone major changes in structure, composition and distribution at times of significant climatic adjustments. Of particular interest is the warmer-and-drier-than-present interval 10,000-7000 years ago. At this time, the mean annual temperature was about 2-4 C warmer than today and summers much drier providing an example of impacts that might be expected under future warming. In the southern interior of BC, grassland and steppe ecosystems extended well north and far up slope of their current range. High elevation forests supported ecosystems typical of mid slopes and the tree line stood higher than today. Along the coast, the warm dry east side of Vancouver Island, was mostly unforested and the Douglas-fir ecosystems characteristic of a relatively warm dry climate occurred far into today's range of cool moist red cedar and hemlock forests. Fires appear to have been more prevalent than today and lakes shallower or even absent. These studies show that some sites were, and will likely be more sensitive to climate change than others. For example, ecosystems on the very wet and mild northwest coast of Vancouver Island, and forests on high elevation north facing slopes in the Interior were not as different from the present as sites in climatically warmer and drier settings. Paleoecological studies have the potential to evaluate the sensitivity of sites to climate change throughout the region, and are valuable in the development of ecosystem management strategies.

Richard Hebda is Curator of Botany and Earth History at the Royal B.C. Museum and adjunct professor at the University of Victoria in Biology and the School of Earth and Ocean Sciences. He is author of more than 60 scientific papers, hundreds of popular articles, and an author/editor of five books. Richard and his students study the relationship of past ecosystems to climate change and human settlement and apply the knowledge from these studies to gain insight into the potential impacts of future climate change.

Session C1 Waste Exchange/Reuses

1. "Alaska Materials Exchange Catalog"

   Mary (Tee) Little

   Compliance Assistance Office

   Division of Statewide Public Service

   The Alaska Materials Exchange (AME) was established in 1994. Since 1994, materials have been exchanged to help Alaska companies reduce over $1,523,870 in purchase and disposal costs, and has significantly benefited Alaska's Industry and environment. Supporting the old saying that one person's trash is another's treasure; the Alaska Materials Exchange (AME) creates an avenue to exchange useful industrial items that would otherwise be discarded.

   The AME was established in 1994 as a cooperative effort between the Anchorage Chamber of Commerce, ARCO Alaska, BP Exploration, the Alaska Support Industry Alliance, Alyeska Pipeline Service Company, ADEC Pollution Prevention Program, and the U.S. EPA.

2. "Landfill Snowbirds – Reuse in Alaska Rural Villages"

   Beverley Williams

   Environmental Engineer

   Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation

   Landfill Snowbirds are a national problem. Mikoryuk Village in Alaska may be the first to develop a reuse for those Landfill Snowbirds also known as plastic shopping bags. Excitement has developed in the last five years for this new medium of using landfill snowbirds by crocheting them into muck-klee bags and are then given as gifts. This new medium for local artists to use has created a reuse option in rural Alaska. Come see examples of incredible forms of native art from the Yukon Delta region.

3. "CRD/UVic Waste Diversion Collaboration"

Rob Janus

Senior Regional Recycling Coordinator

Capital Regional District

P.O. Box 1000

Victoria, B.C. V8W4S3

Ph: (250) 360- 3059

rjanus@crd.bc.ca

Brian McKenzie

Visiting Professor

University of Victoria

This presentation outlines a unique collaboration between the Capital Regional District and the University of Victoria. The goal of the collaboration has been to increase public awareness of the value of material currently being sent to the Hartland landfill site in Victoria, B.C. Students from the University of Victoria’s Entrepreneurship Program were challenged to create business proposals incorporating waste exchange or re-use. These proposals were presented to the community at a series of public presentations. The presentation sets out the strategic goals of the collaboration, and discusses the steps necessary to implement it. The success of the collaboration is discussed, and suggestions are made as to the application of the concept to other communities.

Rob Janus is the coordinator of the Capital Regional District’s CRD Waste Diversion Council. Rob’s innovative approach to environmental issues is clearly demonstrated in this presentation.

Brian McKenzie is a member of the award winning University of Victoria Entrepreneurship teaching team. Brian’s background as an entrepreneur includes the founding of a number of ventures in fields as diverse as boat building, journalism and retail trade. Brian has an MBA, and is currently completing his PhD at the University of Victoria.

Session C2 Emergency Spill Response